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Cerdic of Wessex

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Cerdic
Imaginary depiction from John Speed's 1611 "Saxon Heptarchy"
King of Wessex (King of the Gewissae)
Reignc. 519–534
PredecessorNone (title established)
SuccessorCynric or possibly Creoda[1][2][3]
Died534
IssueCynric or possibly Creoda
HouseWessex
FatherElesa?

Cerdic (/ˈtʃɜːrdɪtʃ/ CHER-ditch;[4] Latin: Cerdicus) is described in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as a leader of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, being the founder and first king of Wessex, reigning from around 519 to 534 AD. Subsequent kings of Wessex were each claimed by the Chronicle to descend in some manner from Cerdic.[5] His origin, ethnicity, and even his very existence have been extensively disputed. However, though claimed as the founder of Wessex by later West Saxon kings, he would have been known to contemporaries as king of the Gewissae, a folk or tribal group. The first king of the Gewissae to call himself 'King of the West Saxons', was Cædwalla, in a charter of 686.[6]

Etymology

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The name Ċerdiċ is thought by most scholars to be Brittonic rather than Germanic in origin. According to the Brittonic origin hypothesis, Ċerdiċ is derived from the British name *Caratīcos or Corotīcos (whose Old Welsh form was Ceretic).[7][8][9][10][11][12] This may indicate that Cerdic was a native Briton, and that his dynasty became Anglicised over time.[13][14] This view is supported by the potentially non-Germanic names of some of his descendants including Ceawlin, Cedda and Cædwalla.[12][15][16][17]

Background

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The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle provides a pedigree tracing Cerdic's ancestry back to Wōden and the antediluvian patriarchs. Kenneth Sisam has shown that this pedigree was constructed by borrowing and subsequently modifying a pedigree tracing the ancestry of the kings of Bernicia, and hence before the generation of Cerdic himself the Wessex pedigree has no historical basis.[18] The pedigree gives Cerdic's father as Elesa, who has been identified by some scholars with the Romano-Briton Elasius, the "chief of the region", met by Germanus of Auxerre.[19][20]

J. N. L. Myres noted that when Cerdic and Cynric first appear in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in s.a. 495 they are described as ealdormen, which at that point in time was a fairly junior rank.[21] Myres remarks that:

It is thus odd to find it used here to describe the leaders of what purports to be an independent band of invaders, whose origins and authority are not otherwise specified. It looks very much as if a hint is being conveyed that Cerdic and his people owed their standing to having been already concerned with administrative affairs under Roman authority on this part of the Saxon Shore.

Furthermore, it is not until s.a. 519 that Cerdic and Cynric are recorded as "beginning to reign", suggesting that they ceased being dependent vassals or ealdormen and became independent kings in their own right.

Summing up, Myres believed that:

It is thus possible ... to think of Cerdic as the head of a partly British noble family with extensive territorial interests at the western end of the Litus Saxonicum. As such he may well have been entrusted in the last days of Roman, or sub-Roman authority with its defence. He would then be what in later Anglo-Saxon terminology could be described as an ealdorman ... If such a dominant native family as that of Cerdic had already developed blood-relationships with existing Saxon and Jutish settlers at this end of the Saxon Shore, it could very well be tempted, once effective Roman authority had faded, to go further. It might have taken matters into its own hands and after eliminating any surviving pockets of resistance by competing British chieftains, such as the mysterious Natanleod of annal 508, it could "begin to reign" without recognizing in future any superior authority.[22]

King of Wessex

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South Britain in the early 6th century

According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Cerdic landed in Britain at a place called Cerdic's-ore, presumably in what is present-day Hampshire, in 495 with his son Cynric in five ships. He is said to have fought a Brittonic king named Natanleod and slew him and 5,000 men in 508 after which all the land was named 'Natanleaga' up to Cerdices Ford. He then fought another battle against the Britons at Cerdices Ford in 519 based on the Anglo Saxon Chronicle's account.[23] Natanleaga is often identified as Netley Marsh in Hampshire, however, it could refer to the region of the New Forest and Cerdices Ford is associated with North Charford[24] which was called 'Cerde Ford' in the Domesday Book.[25] The conquest of the Isle of Wight is mentioned among his campaigns, and it later was given to his kinsmen Stuf and Wihtgar (who supposedly arrived with the West Saxons in 514). Cerdic is said by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to have died in 534, succeeded by his son Cynric.

The early history of Wessex in the Chronicle has been considered unreliable, with duplicate reports of events and seemingly contradictory information.[26] By careful analysis of the Chronicle and the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List, which drew on a list of kings now lost, David Dumville showed that the earliest texts mentioning Cerdic must have put his reign as 538–554. (Through adaptation of this chronology, the beginning of Cerdic's reign was moved first from 538 to 519 and then again to 500. The resulting chronological gap between the beginning of Cerdic's dynasty and the reliably datable, seventh-century kings was bridged by expanding the reign of Cerdic's distant successor Ceawlin from seven years (581–588) to thirty-two (560–591)).[27]

Because Geoffrey of Monmouth mentions a Cheldric as a Saxon war leader who fought at Bath in the same period, some scholars once suggested that (due to similarities of names) Cerdic was the Saxon leader defeated by the Britons at the Battle of Mount Badon, probably fought in 490 (and possibly later, but not later than 518). This cannot be the case if Dumville is correct, and others assign this battle to Ælle or another Saxon leader, so it appears likely that the origins of the kingdom of Wessex are more complex than the version provided by the surviving traditions.[28]

Some scholars have gone so far as to suggest that Cerdic is purely a legendary figure, but this is a minority view. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the earliest source for Cerdic, was put together in the late ninth century; though it probably does record the extant tradition of the founding of Wessex, the intervening 400 years mean that the account cannot be assumed to be accurate.[29][30] The annals of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, along with the genealogical descents embedded in that source's accounts of later kings, describe Cerdic's succession by his son Cynric. However, the Genealogical Regnal List that served as preface to the Chronicle manuscripts instead interposes a generation between them, indicating that Cerdic was father of Creoda and grandfather of Cynric.[31]

Descent from Cerdic became a necessary qualification for later kings of Wessex, and he was claimed ancestor of Ecgberht, King of Wessex, progenitor of the English royal house and subsequent rulers of England and Britain.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Kirby, D. P. (1965) Problems of Early West Saxon History, The English Historical Review, January 1965, Vol. 80, No. 314, Oxford University Press, pp. 10–29.
  2. ^ Stevenson, W. H. (1899), "The Beginnings of Wessex", The English Historical Review, January 1899, Vol. 14, No. 53, Oxford University Press, pp. 32–46.
  3. ^ Walker, H. E. (1956), "Bede, and the Gewissae: The Political Evolution of the Heptarchy and Its Nomenclature", The Cambridge Historical Journal, 1956, Vol. 12, No. 2, Cambridge University Press, pp. 174–186
  4. ^ Durkin, Philip, 'Old English in contact with Celtic', Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English (Oxford, 2014; online edn, Oxford Academic, 16 April 2014), https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574995.003.0005, accessed 28 September 2023.
  5. ^ Giles, John Allen (1914). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Transcribed by Wikisource Contributors. G. Bell and Sons. pp. 9–10.
  6. ^ Yorke, B. (1989). "The Jutes of Hampshire and Wight and the origins of Wessex". In Basset, Steven (ed.). The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. London and New York: Leicester University Press. pp. 85–92, 96. ISBN 978-0-7185-1367-2.
  7. ^ Jackson, Kenneth (1953). Language and History in Early Britain. Edinburgh, Scotland: University Press. pp. 554, 557, 613, 680.
  8. ^ Richard Coates, 'On Some Controversy Surrounding Gewissae / Gewissei, Cerdic and Ceawlin', Nomina, 13 (1989–90), pp. 1–11.
  9. ^ Parsons, D. (1997) British *Caraticos, Old English Cerdic, Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies, 33, pp, 1–8.
  10. ^ Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 394–395. ISBN 1-85109-440-7.
  11. ^ Hoops, J. (2002) Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Volume 20, Walter de Gruyter, Germanic Antiquities, pp. 560–561
  12. ^ a b Yorke, B. (1995) Wessex in the Early Middle Ages, A&C Black, p. 190
  13. ^ Koch, J.T., (2006) Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-85109-440-7, pp. 392–393.
  14. ^ Yorke, B. (1995) Wessex in the Early Middle Ages, A&C Black, pp. 190–191
  15. ^ Howorth, H.H., "The Beginnings of Wessex", The English Historical Review, Vol. 13, No. 52 (October 1898), pp. 667–671
  16. ^ Eagles, B., 2001. Anglo-Saxon presence and culture in Wiltshire c. AD 450-c. 675. In: Ellis, P. D., ed. Roman Wiltshire and After, Papers in Honour of Ken Annable, Wiltshire Archaeological Society, pp. 199–233, p. 204
  17. ^ Hills, C. (2003), Origins of the English, London: Duckworth, p. 105
  18. ^ Sisam, Kenneth, "Anglo-Saxon Royal Genealogies", Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. 39, pp. 287–348 (1953)
  19. ^ Grosjean, P., Analecta Bollandiana, 1957, Hagiographie Celtique, pp. 158–226.
  20. ^ Nicholl, D. (1958) Celts, Romans and Saxons, Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, Vol. 47, No. 187 (Autumn 1958), p. 300
  21. ^ Myres, J. N. L. (1989), The English Settlements, Oxford University Press, pp. 146–147
  22. ^ Myres, Chapter 6 – for all preceding comment.
  23. ^ "Wessex: pt 1 of 3". www.dot-domesday.me.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  24. ^ "Parishes: North Charford with South Charford | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk.
  25. ^ "[North] Charford | Domesday Book". opendomesday.org. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  26. ^ Sir Charles Oman (Oman, England Before the Conquest, 1910:244) found the Wessex annals in the Chronicle "meagre and inexplicable", "confused and suspicious"; Oman's speculation that events in the annals had been duplicated was taken up in detail by Kenneth Harrison (Harrison, "Early Wessex Annals in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", The English Historical Review, 86, No. 340 (July 1971:527–533).
  27. ^ David N. Dumville, 'The West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List and the Chronology of Early Wessex', Peritia, 4 (1985), 21–66 (pp. 58–59); doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.96.
  28. ^ Fletcher, Richard (1989). Who's Who in Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England. Shepheard-Walwyn. pp. 22–23. ISBN 0-85683-089-5.
  29. ^ Hunter Blair, Peter (1960). An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–35.
  30. ^ Campbell, John; John, Eric; Wormald, Patrick (1991). The Anglo-Saxons. Penguin Books. p. 26. ISBN 0-14-014395-5.
  31. ^ Reno, Frank (2011). Arthurian Figures of History and Legend: A Biographical Dictionary. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 83. ISBN 9780786444205.
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Regnal titles
New title
Saxons arrive in southern Britain
 King of Wessex
519–534 		Succeeded by
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