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Can (band)

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This article is about the German band. For the South Korean duo, see Can (duo).

Can
Can c. 1972 From left: Karoli, Schmidt, Czukay, Liebezeit, Suzuki
Can c. 1972
From left: Karoli, Schmidt, Czukay, Liebezeit, Suzuki
Background information
OriginCologne, West Germany
Genres
Years active
  • 1968–1979
  • 1986
  • 1988
  • 1991
  • 1999
LabelsLiberty, United Artists, Spoon, Mute
Past membersMichael Karoli
Jaki Liebezeit
Irmin Schmidt
Holger Czukay
Malcolm Mooney
Damo Suzuki
David C. Johnson
Rosko Gee
Rebop Kwaku Baah
Websitespoonrecords.com

Can (stylized in all caps) were a German experimental rock band formed in Cologne in 1968 by Holger Czukay (bass, tape editing), Irmin Schmidt (keyboards), Michael Karoli (guitar), and Jaki Liebezeit (drums). They featured several vocalists, including the American Malcolm Mooney (1968–70) and the Japanese Damo Suzuki (1970–73).[8] They have been hailed as pioneers of the German krautrock scene.[8][9]

The founding members of Can came from backgrounds in avant-garde music and jazz. They blended elements of psychedelic rock, funk, and musique concrète on influential albums such as Tago Mago (1971), Ege Bamyasi (1972) and Future Days (1973).[8][10] Can also had commercial success with singles such as "Spoon" (1971) and "I Want More" (1976) reaching national singles charts. Their work has influenced rock, post-punk, and ambient acts.[11]

History

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1960s

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"Father Cannot Yell"
"Father Cannot Yell" from Monster Movie
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Can was formed in Cologne, Germany, in 1968 by Holger Czukay (bass), Irmin Schmidt (keyboard), Jaki Liebezeit (drums) and Michael Karoli (guitar).[12][13] Czukay and Schmidt were from academic backgrounds, students of the composer Karlheinz Stockhausen, and were fascinated by the possibilities of rock and roll.[13] The band initially used the name Inner Space.[12]

In late 1968, the band enlisted the American vocalist Malcolm Mooney.[14] They recorded an album, Prepare to Meet Thy Pnoom, but could not find a recording company to release it.[15] They appeared briefly in the 1969 film Kamasutra: Vollendung der Liebe backing the singer Margarete Juvan.[citation needed]

At Mooney's suggestion, the band changed their name to Can.[12] Mooney suggested the name for its positive meanings in various languages.[13] Liebezeit later suggested the backronym "communism, anarchism, nihilism", after an English magazine claimed this was the intended meaning.[16]

Can accepted an invitation from a friend to move into his castle, Schloss Nörvenich, and use it as a recording studio.[13] There, they recorded their debut album, Monster Movie (1969). It contained new versions of two songs previously recorded for Prepared to Meet Thy Pnoom, "Father Cannot Yell" and "Outside My Door". Monster Movie received acclaim.[13]

During one live performance, Mooney suffered a mental breakdown, shouting "upstairs, downstairs" for three hours, even after Can had stopped playing.[12] On his psychiatrist's advice, he left Can and returned to the US at the end of 1969.[12] Mooney made his last recordings with Can that December.[17] He was replaced in 1970 by a young Japanese traveller, Damo Suzuki, whom Czukay and Liebezeit found busking outside a Munich café and invited to join their performance that night.[18]

1971–1973

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Performing in der Musikhalle Hamburg in 1972.

The next few years saw Can release their most acclaimed works. While their earlier recordings were loosely based on traditional song structures, Can band reverted to a fluid improvisational style. The double album Tago Mago (1971) is often seen as groundbreaking, influential and deeply unconventional, based on intensely rhythmic jazz-inspired drumming, improvised guitar and keyboard soloing (frequently intertwining), tape edits as composition, and Suzuki's idiosyncratic vocalisms. Czukay said it "was an attempt in achieving a mystery musical world from light to darkness and return".[19]

In 1971, the band composed the music for the three-part German-language television crime miniseries Das Messer ("The Knife"), directed by Rolf von Sydow.[20] The track "Spoon" was used as the theme song and, released as a single, reached number 6 in the German singles chart.[21]

Tago Mago was followed in 1972 by Ege Bamyasi, a more accessible but still avant-garde record which featured "Spoon" and the catchy "Vitamin C". Czukay said, "We could achieve an excellent dry and ambient sound... [Ege Bamyasi] reflects the group being in a lighter mood."[19]

It was followed by Future Days in 1973, an early example of ambient music that also includes the pop song "Moonshake". Czukay said, "'Bel Air' [the 20-minute track that takes up all of side two on the original Future Days LP] showed Can in a state of being an electric symphony group performing a peaceful though sometimes dramatic landscape painting."[19]

Suzuki left soon after the recording of Future Days to marry his German girlfriend, and become a Jehovah's Witness.[22] Vocals were taken over by Karoli and Schmidt,[23] but after Suzuki's departure, fewer of Can's tracks featured vocals, as the band experimented with the ambient music it had begun with Future Days.

1974–1979

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Soon Over Babaluma from 1974 continued in the ambient style of Future Days, but with some of the abrasive edge of Tago Mago and Ege Bamyasi. In 1975, Can signed with Virgin Records in the UK and EMI/Harvest in West Germany, appearing the same year on BBC's Old Grey Whistle Test in a memorable performance of Vernal Equinox in which Schmidt played one keyboard section with a series of rapid karate chops. Shortly after the appearance Schmidt suffered a broken leg which led to cancellation of the band's UK tour.

"I Want More"
"I Want More" (sample) from Flow Motion (1976)
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The later albums, Landed (1975) and Flow Motion (1976), saw Can moving towards a somewhat more conventional style as its recording technology improved. The disco single "I Want More" from Flow Motion became its only hit record outside West Germany. Co-written by live sound mixer Peter Gilmour, it reached No 26 in the UK charts in October 1976, which prompted an appearance on Top of the Pops, where Czukay performed with a double bass. In 1977 Can was joined by former Traffic bassist Rosko Gee and percussionist Rebop Kwaku Baah, both of whom provided vocals, appearing on the albums Saw Delight (1977), Out of Reach (1978) and Can (1979).

During this period, Czukay was pushed to the fringes of the group's activity due to disagreements about the band's creative direction and his failure as a bass guitarist to keep up with the growth of the other musicians. Bass guitar was something Czukay had "taken up almost by default" and he readily admitted his limitations on the instrument.[24] After Gee joined Can, Czukay made sounds using shortwave radios, Morse code keys, tape recorders and other sundry objects. He left Can in late 1977 and did not appear on the albums Out of Reach or Can, although he was involved with production work for the latter album.

After the split and reunion

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After the split, all the former members were involved in musical projects, often as session musicians for other artists. Czukay recorded several ambient albums and collaborated with David Sylvian among others. Jaki Liebezeit played extensively with bassists Jah Wobble and Bill Laswell, with a drum ensemble called Drums off Chaos[25] and in 2005 with Datenverarbeiter on the online album Givt.[26]

In 1986, they briefly reformed, with original vocalist Mooney, to record Rite Time (released in 1989). There was a further reunion in 1991 by Karoli, Liebezeit, Mooney and Schmidt to record a track for the Wim Wenders film Until the End of the World and in August 1999 by Karoli, Liebezeit and Schmidt with Jono Podmore to record a cover of "The Third Man Theme" for Grönland Records' compilation album Pop 2000.[27][28] In 1999, the four core members of Can (Karoli, Liebezeit, Schmidt and Czukay) performed live at the same show, although playing separately with their current solo projects (Sofortkontakt, Club Off Chaos, Kumo and U-She respectively). Can have since been the subject of numerous compilations, live albums and samples. In 2004, the band began a series of Super Audio CD remasters of its back catalog, which were finished in 2006.

Karoli died of cancer on 17 November 2001. Liebezeit died of pneumonia on 22 January 2017. Czukay died of natural causes on 5 September 2017.[29] Finally, Suzuki died of cancer in February 2024.[18]

Archive releases

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Can released a compilation album Limited Edition in 1974, and expanded it to a double album Unlimited Edition in 1976 from their unreleased studio recordings. Delay 1968, released in 1981, was a compilation of unreleased 1968–1969 recordings. Cannibalism 2, a compilation album of album and single material, also included one unreleased song, "Melting Away", from the 1960s.

In 1995, The Peel Sessions was released, a compilation of Can recordings at the BBC. In 1999, Can Box was released, with a Can video documentary, a concert recording from 1972 and a double live CD compiled by Michael Karoli and later released separately as Can Live Music (Live 1971–1977). Unreleased live music of Can have been also released on the 40th Anniversary Edition of Tago Mago in 2011 and 17 LP collection box Can in 2014.

The Lost Tapes, released in 2012, was overseen by Irmin Schmidt and Daniel Miller, compiled by Schmidt and Jono Podmore, and edited by Podmore.

Style

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Can developed a repetitive, rhythmic style with influences of North African music, Stockhausen, and American minimalists such as Steve Reich and Terry Riley.[30] Czukay and Schmidt were both pupils of Stockhausen, and Can inherited a grounding in his musical theory. Schmidt was trained as a classical pianist, while Karoli brought the influence of gypsy music through his esoteric studies. Liebezeit had strong jazz leanings. The band's sound was originally intended to be based on the sound of ethnic music, so when the band decided to pick up the garage rock sound, original member David Johnson left. This world music trend was later exemplified on albums such as Ege Bamyasi (the name meaning "Aegean okra" in Turkish), Future Days and Saw Delight, and by incorporating new band members with different nationalities. A series of tracks on Can albums, known as "Ethnological Forgery Series", abbreviated to "E.F.S", demonstrated the band's ability to successfully recreate ethnic-sounding music. They constructed their music largely through collective spontaneous composition, sampling themselves in the studio and editing down the results.[31] Czukay referred to Can's live and studio performances as "instant compositions".[32]

The band's early rock influences include the Beatles and the Velvet Underground[32] as well as Jimi Hendrix, Sly Stone and Frank Zappa.[33] The band have admitted that the beginning of Can's "Father Cannot Yell" was inspired by the Velvet Underground's "European Son". Malcolm Mooney's voice has been compared to that of James Brown (an acknowledged hero of the band members) and their early style, rooted in psychedelic music, drew comparisons with Pink Floyd. Czukay's extensive editing has occasionally been compared to the late-'60s music of trumpeter Miles Davis (such as In a Silent Way and Bitches Brew):[34] Can and Davis both would record long groove-intensive improvisations, then edit the best bits together for their albums. Czukay and Teo Macero (Davis's producer and editor) both had roots in the musique concrète of the 1940s and '50s. Irmin Schmidt stated in a discussion with Michael Karoli in 1996 concerning the various citations of influences upon their music: "You know, it's funny that in spite of all the supposed influences on us that have been written about, the one overriding influence has never been mentioned: Michael von Biel."

Suzuki was a very different singer from Mooney, with a multilingual (he claimed to sing in "the language of the Stone Age") and often inscrutable vocal style. With Suzuki, the band made their most critically and commercially successful albums. The rhythm section's work on Tago Mago has been especially praised: one critic writes that much of the album is based on "long improvisations built around hypnotic rhythm patterns";[35] another writes that "Halleluhwah" finds them "pounding out a monster trance/funk beat".[36]

Improvisation, recording and live shows

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Much of Can's music was based on free improvisation and then edited for the studio albums. For example, when preparing a soundtrack, only Irmin Schmidt would view the film and then give the rest of the band a general description of the scenes they would be scoring. This assisted in the improvised soundtrack being successful both inside and outside the film's context.[37]

Can's live shows often melded spontaneous improvisation of this kind with songs appearing on their albums. The track "Colchester Finale", appearing on the Can Live album, incorporates portions of "Halleluhwah" into a composition lasting over half an hour. Early concerts found Mooney and Suzuki often able to shock audiences. The actor David Niven was asked by Czukay what he had thought of a concert, Niven replied: "It was great, but I didn't know it was music."[38] After the departure of Suzuki, the music grew in intensity without a vocal centre. The band maintained their ability to collectively improvise with or without central themes for hours at a time (their longest performance, in Berlin, lasted over six hours), resulting in a large archive of performances.

Can made attempts to find a new vocalist after the departure of Damo Suzuki, although no one quite fit the position. In 1975, folk singer Tim Hardin took the lead vocal spot and played guitar with Can for one song, at two gigs, performing his own "The Lady Came From Baltimore". Malaysian vocalist Thaiga Raj Raja Ratnam played six dates with the band between January and March 1976. Another temporary vocalist, Englishman Michael Cousins, toured with Can from March (France) to April (West Germany) 1976.

Legacy and influence

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In the late 1970s, Can influenced major artists working in the post-punk genre such as Siouxsie and the Banshees, the Fall, Public Image Ltd and Joy Division.[39] In the 1980s, Can were referenced by British new wave acts such as Pete Shelley, Gary Numan, Ultravox, the Jesus and Mary Chain and Primal Scream.[40] The Lumerians[41] and Happy Mondays[42] have cited Can as an influence. Critic Simon Reynolds wrote that "Can's pan-global avant-funk anticipated many of the moves made by sampladelic dance genres like trip hop, ethnotechno and ambient jungle."[5] Brian Eno made a short film in tribute to Can, while John Frusciante of the Red Hot Chili Peppers appeared at the Echo Awards ceremony, at which Can were awarded the most prestigious music award in Germany.[43]

Radiohead cited Can as an influence on their albums Kid A (2000) and Amnesiac (2001). Inspired by Can, they constructed their own studio and worked by recording jams and then editing the recordings.[44][45] Radiohead covered "The Thief" in live performances in the early 2000s.[46] Mark E. Smith of the Fall paid tribute to Suzuki with the track "I Am Damo Suzuki" on the 1985 album This Nation's Saving Grace.[citation needed] The Jesus and Mary Chain covered "Mushroom" live in the mid-1980s.[citation needed] Mark Hollis of Talk Talk had mentioned Can several times as an influence for their later albums, Spirit of Eden and Laughing Stock.

At least five notable bands have named themselves in tribute to Can: the Mooney Suzuki for Malcolm Mooney and Damo Suzuki; the indie rock band Spoon after the hit "Spoon"; the electronic band Egebamyasi, formed by Scottish musician Mr Egg in 1984, after Can's album Ege Bamyasi; Hunters & Collectors after a song on the Landed album; and Moonshake, named for a track on Future Days, and formed by ex-Wolfhounds frontman David Callahan. The Scottish writer Alan Warner has written two novels in tribute to two different Can members (Morvern Callar to Holger Czukay and The Man Who Walks to Michael Karoli respectively).[citation needed] The Sacrilege remix album features remixes of Can tracks by artists who were influenced by Can, including Sonic Youth and U.N.K.L.E.[47] Their ethnomusicological tendencies pre-date the craze for world music in the 1980s. While not nearly as influential on electronic music as Kraftwerk, they were important early pioneers of ambient music, along with Tangerine Dream and the aforementioned band. Many groups working in the post-rock genre can look to Can as an influence as part of the larger krautrock scene, as can New Prog bands such as The Mars Volta. Rolling Stone called the group a "pioneering space rock band".[48] Kanye West has sampled "Sing Swan Song" on his song "Drunk & Hot Girls" from his 2007 album Graduation. The UK band Loop was deeply influenced by Can for their repetitive polyrhythmic style, covering Can's "Mother Sky" on their Black Sun EP.[49] The Yugoslav progressive/psychedelic rock band Igra Staklenih Perli, heavily influenced by Can, on their self-titled debut album released the song "Pečurka" ("Mushroom") as a tribute to Can.[50]

The band is name-checked as a formative influence in LCD Soundsystem's debut single "Losing My Edge".[51] Oasis' 2008 single "The Shock of the Lightning" was inspired by Can and Neu!.[52]

The Japanese psych/krautrock band Minami Deutsch is heavily influenced by Can, and band member Kyotaro Mitula performed with Damo Suzuki at the Roadburn Festival.[53]

Members

[edit]
  • Michael Karoli – guitar, vocals, violin (1968–1979, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1999; died 2001)
  • Jaki Liebezeit – drums, percussion (1968–1979, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1999; died 2017)
  • Irmin Schmidt – keyboards, vocals (1968–1979, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1999)
  • Holger Czukay – bass, sound engineer, electronics, vocals, French horn (1968–1977, 1986, 1988; died 2017)
  • David C. Johnson – reeds, winds, electronics and tape manipulation (1968; died 2021)
  • Malcolm Mooney – vocals (1968–1970, 1986–1988, 1991)
  • Damo Suzuki – vocals (1970–1973; died 2024)
  • Rosko Gee – bass, vocals (1977–1979)
  • Rebop Kwaku Baah – percussion, vocals (1977–1979; died 1983)

Additional collaborators

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  • Margarethe Juvan - vocals (1968)
  • Manni Löhe – vocals, percussion and flute (1968; died 1978)
  • Duncan Fallowell – lyrics (1974)
  • René Tinner – recording engineer (1973–1979, 1986, 1991)
  • Olaf Kübler of Amon Düül – tenor saxophone (1975; died 2024)
  • Tim Hardin – vocals & guitar (November 1975) (died 1980)
  • Thaiga Raj Raja Ratnam – vocals (January–March 1976)
  • Michael Cousins – vocals (March–April 1976)
  • Peter Gilmour – lyrics, live sound mixing (later 1970s)
  • Jono Podmore – recording engineer, bass (1999), soundprocessing and editing engineer (1999, 2003, 2011–2012)

Timeline

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Discography

[edit]
Main article: Can discography

(US labels in parentheses)

Videography

[edit]

References

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  1. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2002). All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 178. ISBN 9780879306533.
  2. ^ Pareles, Jon (25 January 2017). "Jaki Liebezeit, Influential Drummer for Can, Dies at 78". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  3. ^ Williamson, Nigel (2008). The Rough Guide to the Best Music You've Never Heard. Rough Guides. p. 211. ISBN 9781848360037.
  4. ^ Moores, JR (2021). Electric Wizards: A Tapestry of Heavy Music, 1968 to the Present. Reaktion. ISBN 9781789144499.
  5. ^ a b Reynolds, Simon (1995). "Krautrock Reissues". Melody Maker.
  6. ^ Walker, Ian (12 September 2017). "The New European". The New European. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  7. ^ Maconie, Stuart (22 August 2014). "Krautrock: Germany's coolest export that no one can quite define". New Statesman. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  8. ^ a b c Can at AllMusic
  9. ^ Hunt, Elle (23 January 2017). "Jaki Liebezeit, drummer of seminal krautrock band Can, dies at 78". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  10. ^ Mistry, Anupa. "Damo Suzuki". Red Bull Music Academy. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  11. ^ Canniblism 1, Spoon Records, 1986, archived from the original on 3 April 2010, retrieved 16 June 2010
  12. ^ a b c d e "Holger Czukay 1938–2017". The Wire. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  13. ^ a b c d e Cope, Julian. Krautrock Sampler. Head Heritage, 1995, pp. 51-52
  14. ^ Barton, Geoff (7 July 2020). "Krautrock, communism and chaos: the anarchic story of Can". Loudersound. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  15. ^ Krautrock Sampler. Head Heritage, 1995, pp. 51-52
  16. ^ Stubbs, David (2014). Future Days: Krautrock and the Building of Modern Germany. Faber and Faber Rock Music. pp. 74–77.
  17. ^ Young & Schmidt 2018, p. 110.
  18. ^ a b Sweeting, Adam (12 February 2024). "Damo Suzuki obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  19. ^ a b c "Holger Czukay Can discography". Perfect Sound Forever / furious.com. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
  20. ^ Rose, Steve (11 March 2011). "Can: the ultimate film soundtrack band? | Music". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  21. ^ Young & Schmidt 2018, pp. 168–169.
  22. ^ Ulrich Adelt, "Machines with a Heart: German Identity in the Music of Can and Kraftwerk", Popular Music and Society, 2012, DOI:10.1080/03007766.2011.567908.
  23. ^ Can, Mute Liberation Technologies, archived from the original on 10 October 2007, retrieved 25 October 2007
  24. ^ Young & Schmidt 2018.
  25. ^ "Drums Off Chaos". Drums-off-chaos.de. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
  26. ^ Givt, Datenverarbeiter vs. Jaki Liebezeit, archived from the original on 4 June 2007, retrieved 16 June 2010
  27. ^ "Spoon Records". Spoon Records. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  28. ^ "Can - Der dritte Mann". ultratop.be. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  29. ^ Young & Schmidt 2018, pp. 328–330.
  30. ^ Thomson, Ian (17 August 2014). "Future Days review – an absorbing history of Krautrock and 1970s Germany". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  31. ^ Payne, John (February 1997), Hiss 'n' Listen: Holger Czukay and the rhythms of a secret life, retrieved 11 August 2010
  32. ^ a b Unterberger, Richie (1997), An Interview With Holger Czukay, Krautrock.com, retrieved 16 June 2010
  33. ^ Hollow, Chris (1 March 2004), Interview With Irmin Schmidt, Sand Pebbles, archived from the original on 19 July 2011, retrieved 16 June 2010
  34. ^ Reynolds, Simon, The History of Krautrock, archived from the original on 13 October 2007, retrieved 9 October 2007
  35. ^ Grant, Steven, CAN, Trouser Press, retrieved 16 June 2010
  36. ^ Tago Mago > Review, AllMusic, retrieved 16 June 2010
  37. ^ England, Phil (1994), Holger Czukay Interview, ESTWeb, retrieved 16 June 2010
  38. ^ "Interview with Holger Czukay (February 1997)". Perfect Sound Forever / furious.com. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
  39. ^ Reynolds, Simon (2005). Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978–1984. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-14-303672-2.
  40. ^ Warner, Alan (23 June 2018). "All Gates Open by Rob Young and Irmin Schmidt review – in praise of the rock band Can". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  41. ^ Ian S. Port (22 April 2011). "Lumerians Talk Video Projections, Recording in a Church, and "Space-Rock"". SF Weekly. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  42. ^ Collins, Dan (17 September 2009). "Happy Mondays: See, We're Ground Breaking!". L.A. Record. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  43. ^ Can – Biography, Intuitive Music, 16 August 2003, archived from the original on 9 March 2011, retrieved 16 June 2010
  44. ^ Cavanagh, David (October 2000). "I can see the monsters". Q: 96–104.
  45. ^ Reynolds, Simon (July 2001). "Walking on thin ice". The Wire. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  46. ^ Bartleet, Larry (4 October 2016). "11 times Radiohead covered other artists' songs brilliantly". NME. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  47. ^ Rainey, Nik, Can – You Dig It?, Lollipop Magazine, archived from the original on 4 April 2009, retrieved 16 June 2010
  48. ^ Sprague, David. "Can Guitarist Dies in France". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  49. ^ Loop. NME. Retrieved 16 June 2010. The UK shoegaze band The Faith Healers also cover "Mother Sky" on its 1991 recording Lido.
  50. ^ Janjatović, Petar (2024). Ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960–2023. Belgrade: self-released. p. 136.
  51. ^ Fox, Killian. "James Murphy: soundtrack of my life". The Guardian, 30 September 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2019
  52. ^ Porter, Tom (28 September 2008). "Noel Gallagher on The Shock of the Lightning: "It's Krautrock" | Oasis Noel Gallagher | Guitar News". MusicRadar. Archived from the original on 18 December 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  53. ^ Breznikar, Klemen (1 November 2021). "Minami Deutsch | Interview | "Japanese Motorik Beat"". Psychedlicbabymag.com.

Works cited

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Bussy, Pascal; Hall, Andy (1986). The Can Book. Tago Mago.
  • Bussy, Pascal and Andy Hall. The Can Book. Saf Publishing, 1989.
  • Bussy, Pascal. Kraftwerk: Man, Machine and Music. SAF Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0-946719-70-5
  • The New Musical Express Book of Rock, Star Books, 1975, ISBN 0-352-30074-4.
  • Rock: The Rough Guide (2nd edition). Penguin, 1999.
  • Strong, Martin C. Great Rock Discography. (5th edition), MOJO Books, 2000.
  • Stubbs, David. Future Days: Krautrock and the Building of Modern Germany. Faber & Faber Rock Music, 2014.
  • Young, Rob; Schmidt, Irmin (2018). All Gates Open: The Story of Can. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0571311491.
[edit]
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