Choice function

A choice function (selector, selection) is a mathematical function f that is defined on some collection X of nonempty sets and assigns some element of each set S in that collection to S by f(S); f(S) maps S to some element of S. In other words, f is a choice function for X if and only if it belongs to the direct product of X.

An example

Let X = { {1,4,7}, {9}, {2,7} }. Then the function f defined by f({1, 4, 7}) = 7, f({9}) = 9 and f({2, 7}) = 2 is a choice function on X.

History and importance

Ernst Zermelo (1904) introduced choice functions as well as the axiom of choice (AC) and proved the well-ordering theorem,^[1] which states that every set can be well-ordered. AC states that every set of nonempty sets has a choice function. A weaker form of AC, the axiom of countable choice (AC_ω) states that every countable set of nonempty sets has a choice function. However, in the absence of either AC or AC_ω, some sets can still be shown to have a choice function.

If $X$ is a finite set of nonempty sets, then one can construct a choice function for $X$ by picking one element from each member of $X.$ This requires only finitely many choices, so neither AC or AC_ω is needed.
If every member of $X$ is a nonempty set, and the union $\bigcup X$ is well-ordered, then one may choose the least element of each member of $X$ . In this case, it was possible to simultaneously well-order every member of $X$ by making just one choice of a well-order of the union, so neither AC nor AC_ω was needed. (This example shows that the well-ordering theorem implies AC. The converse is also true, but less trivial.)

Choice function of a multivalued map

Given two sets X and Y, let F be a multivalued map from X to Y (equivalently, $F:X\rightarrow {\mathcal {P}}(Y)$ is a function from X to the power set of Y).

A function $f:X\rightarrow Y$ is said to be a selection of F, if:

$\forall x\in X\,(f(x)\in F(x))\,.$

The existence of more regular choice functions, namely continuous or measurable selections is important in the theory of differential inclusions, optimal control, and mathematical economics.^[2] See Selection theorem.

Bourbaki tau function

Nicolas Bourbaki used epsilon calculus for their foundations that had a $\tau$ symbol that could be interpreted as choosing an object (if one existed) that satisfies a given proposition. So if $P(x)$ is a predicate, then $\tau _{x}(P)$ is one particular object that satisfies $P$ (if one exists, otherwise it returns an arbitrary object). Hence we may obtain quantifiers from the choice function, for example $P(\tau _{x}(P))$ was equivalent to $(\exists x)(P(x))$ .^[3]

However, Bourbaki's choice operator is stronger than usual: it's a global choice operator. That is, it implies the axiom of global choice.^[4] Hilbert realized this when introducing epsilon calculus.^[5]

Notes

^ Zermelo, Ernst (1904). "Beweis, dass jede Menge wohlgeordnet werden kann". Mathematische Annalen. 59 (4): 514–16. doi:10.1007/BF01445300.
^ Border, Kim C. (1989). Fixed Point Theorems with Applications to Economics and Game Theory. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26564-9.
^ Bourbaki, Nicolas. Elements of Mathematics: Theory of Sets. ISBN 0-201-00634-0.
^ John Harrison, "The Bourbaki View" eprint.
^ "Here, moreover, we come upon a very remarkable circumstance, namely, that all of these transfinite axioms are derivable from a single axiom, one that also contains the core of one of the most attacked axioms in the literature of mathematics, namely, the axiom of choice: $A(a)\to A(\varepsilon (A))$ , where $\varepsilon$ is the transfinite logical choice function." Hilbert (1925), “On the Infinite”, excerpted in Jean van Heijenoort, From Frege to Gödel, p. 382. From nCatLab.

References

This article incorporates material from Choice function on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.

[Zermelo,_1904-1] Zermelo, Ernst (1904). "Beweis, dass jede Menge wohlgeordnet werden kann". Mathematische Annalen. 59 (4): 514–16. doi:10.1007/BF01445300.

[2] Border, Kim C. (1989). Fixed Point Theorems with Applications to Economics and Game Theory. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26564-9.

[3] Bourbaki, Nicolas. Elements of Mathematics: Theory of Sets. ISBN 0-201-00634-0.

[4] John Harrison, "The Bourbaki View" eprint.

[5] "Here, moreover, we come upon a very remarkable circumstance, namely, that all of these transfinite axioms are derivable from a single axiom, one that also contains the core of one of the most attacked axioms in the literature of mathematics, namely, the axiom of choice: $A(a)\to A(\varepsilon (A))$ , where $\varepsilon$ is the transfinite logical choice function." Hilbert (1925), “On the Infinite”, excerpted in Jean van Heijenoort, From Frege to Gödel, p. 382. From nCatLab.

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