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(33342) 1998 WT24

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(33342) 1998 WT24
Tracks of asteroid 1998 WT24
Discovery[1]
Discovered byLINEAR
Discovery siteLincoln Lab's ETS
Discovery date25 November 1998
Designations
(33342) 1998 WT24
1998 WT24
Orbital characteristics[1]
Epoch 28 June 2009 (JD 2455010.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc18.98 yr (6,933 days)
Aphelion1.0187 AU
Perihelion0.4182 AU
0.7185 AU
Eccentricity0.4179
0.61 yr (222 days)
344.05°
1° 37m 6.24s / day
Inclination7.3419°
82.000°
167.30°
Earth MOID0.0097 AU (3.8 LD)
Physical characteristics
  • 0.35±0.04 km[3]
  • 0.410 km (taken)[4]
  • 0.415±0.040 km[5]

(33342) 1998 WT24 is a bright, sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA) of the Aten group, located in Venus's zone of influence that has frequent close encounters with Mercury, Venus, and Earth.[1] It made a close approach to Earth on 11 December 2015, passing at a distance of about 4.2 million kilometers (2.6 million miles, 11 lunar distances)[10] and reaching about apparent magnitude 11.[11]

The asteroid was discovered on 25 November 1998 by LINEAR about four months after a close encounter with the planet Mercury (about 0.047 AU).[1] It measures approximately 400 meters in diameter. It is also one of the best studied PHAs and was the 10th Aten asteroid to be numbered.

Classification and orbit

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Radar observation during 2001 encounter

1998 WT24 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.42–1.02 AU once every 7 months (222 days; semi-major axis of 0.72 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.42 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic.[1]

Low aphelion

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At the time of its discovery, astronomers were trying to find the first Apohele asteroid (one that is always closer to the Sun than Earth). All asteroids known at the time that got closer to the Sun than Earth also crossed Earth's orbit. Earlier that year, David J. Tholen claimed to have spotted the first Apohele asteroid, which was dubbed 1998 DK36. However, the object was lost without being confirmed. Thus, 1993 DA remained the asteroid with the lowest known aphelion at 1.023 AU. When 1998 WT24 was discovered, it was found to have a slightly smaller aphelion (1.019 AU) than 1993 DA, and was thus the closest thing to an Apohele asteroid known at the time. It lost its smallest aphelion title almost immediately when (415713) 1998 XX2 was discovered only a few weeks later (aphelion = 1.014 AU). Asteroids with even smaller aphelions were discovered until February 2003, when finally, an asteroid with an aphelion smaller than 1.000 AU was discovered. This was 163693 Atira, the first confirmed Apohele asteroid.

Venus zone of influence

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1998 WT24 was the second asteroid discovered to be close enough to Venus as to be within the major planet's zone of influence. It is located at about the inner edge of the zone, while (99907) 1989 VA, the first asteroid discovered there, is at about the outer edge. It is possible for planets to capture asteroids located in their sphere of influences into co-orbital relationships such as Trojan and horseshoe asteroids. Because of its frequent close encounters with Mercury and Earth, however, it may prove difficult for Venus to keep 1998 WT24 in a co-orbital relationship for any length of time. Of the six objects in Venus's zone of influence, only Zoozve is currently a co-orbital.

Record close encounter

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1998 WT24 is a potentially hazardous asteroid. That means its orbit takes it very close to Earth and if it were to collide with our planet, it would cause devastation on at least a regional scale. On 16 December 2001,[1] it became the first PHA to be observed passing within 5 Lunar Distances (the average distance between Earth and the Moon) from Earth. Other asteroids have come closer, and numerous have even come closer than the Moon, but these have all been small asteroids, incapable of causing much damage to the planet, or much concern. The 2001 encounter was the closest known approach to Earth any PHA had made since (192642) 1999 RD32 passed by on 27 August 1969.[12] However, 1999 RD32 was not discovered until September 1999 many years after its closest approach, so no one knew about 1999 RD32 in 1969.

Notable close-approaches to Earth[1]
Date Distance from Earth
1908-12-16 0.00907 AU (1,357,000 km; 843,000 mi)
1956-12-16 0.009054 AU (1,354,500 km; 841,600 mi)
2001-12-16 0.012485 AU (1,867,700 km; 1,160,600 mi)
2099-12-18 0.012640 AU (1,890,900 km; 1,175,000 mi)

In September 2004, the well known PHA 4179 Toutatis came about 4 Lunar Distances from Earth. Due to its diameter being over ten times larger (5.7 km) and its closer approach, Toutatis at its closest (mag 8.9) was about half an apparent magnitude brighter than 1998 WT24 was at its closest (mag 9.5).[12] However, Toutatis arrived during a full moon, and thus 1998 WT24's 2001 encounter is still the most easily observed flyby of an asteroid in history. It also made 1998 WT24 the first Near-Earth asteroid observed to be brighter than magnitude 10.

History of close approaches of large near-Earth objects since 1908 (A)
PHA Date Approach distance (lunar dist.) Abs.
mag
(H) 		Diameter (C)
(m) 		Ref (D)
Nomi-
nal(B) 		Mini-
mum 		Maxi-
mum
(33342) 1998 WT24 1908-12-16 3.542 3.537 3.547 17.9 556–1795 data
(458732) 2011 MD5 1918-09-17 0.911 0.909 0.913 17.9 556–1795 data
(7482) 1994 PC1 1933-01-17 2.927 2.927 2.928 16.8 749–1357 data
69230 Hermes 1937-10-30 1.926 1.926 1.927 17.5 668–2158 data
69230 Hermes 1942-04-26 1.651 1.651 1.651 17.5 668–2158 data
(137108) 1999 AN10 1946-08-07 2.432 2.429 2.435 17.9 556–1795 data
(33342) 1998 WT24 1956-12-16 3.523 3.523 3.523 17.9 556–1795 data
(163243) 2002 FB3 1961-04-12 4.903 4.900 4.906 16.4 1669–1695 data
(192642) 1999 RD32 1969-08-27 3.627 3.625 3.630 16.3 1161–3750 data
(143651) 2003 QO104 1981-05-18 2.761 2.760 2.761 16.0 1333–4306 data
2017 CH1 1992-06-05 4.691 3.391 6.037 17.9 556–1795 data
(170086) 2002 XR14 1995-06-24 4.259 4.259 4.260 18.0 531–1714 data
(33342) 1998 WT24 2001-12-16 4.859 4.859 4.859 17.9 556–1795 data
4179 Toutatis 2004-09-29 4.031 4.031 4.031 15.3 2440–2450 data
2014 JO25 2017-04-19 4.573 4.573 4.573 17.8 582–1879 data
(137108) 1999 AN10 2027-08-07 1.014 1.010 1.019 17.9 556–1795 data
(35396) 1997 XF11 2028-10-26 2.417 2.417 2.418 16.9 881–2845 data
(154276) 2002 SY50 2071-10-30 3.415 3.412 3.418 17.6 714–1406 data
(164121) 2003 YT1 2073-04-29 4.409 4.409 4.409 16.2 1167–2267 data
(385343) 2002 LV 2076-08-04 4.184 4.183 4.185 16.6 1011–3266 data
(52768) 1998 OR2 2079-04-16 4.611 4.611 4.612 15.8 1462–4721 data
(33342) 1998 WT24 2099-12-18 4.919 4.919 4.919 17.9 556–1795 data
(85182) 1991 AQ 2130-01-27 4.140 4.139 4.141 17.1 1100 data
314082 Dryope 2186-07-16 3.709 2.996 4.786 17.5 668–2158 data
(137126) 1999 CF9 2192-08-21 4.970 4.967 4.973 18.0 531–1714 data
(290772) 2005 VC 2198-05-05 1.951 1.791 2.134 17.6 638–2061 data
(A) List includes near-Earth approaches of less than 5 lunar distances (LD) of objects with H brighter than 18.
(B) Nominal geocentric distance from the Earth's center to the object's center (Earth radius≈0.017 LD).
(C) Diameter: estimated, theoretical mean-diameter based on H and albedo range between X and Y.
(D) Reference: data source from the JPL SBDB, with AU converted into LD (1 AU≈390 LD)
(E) Color codes:   unobserved at close approach   observed during close approach   upcoming approaches

Frequent inner-planet encounters

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1998 WT24 is a Mercury-crosser asteroid, a Venus-crosser asteroid, and an Earth-crosser asteroid. Because of its relatively low inclination (7.34°), it is able to come close to each of these planets. Its orbit takes it within 0.021 AU of Mercury's orbit, 0.0368 AU of Venus's orbit, and 0.00989 AU of Earth's orbit. It makes frequent encounters with these inner planets. The last time it came close to Mercury, Venus and Earth was 2010, 1977, and 12 November 2004, respectively.[1] The most recent close approach to Earth was on 11 December 2015 at about 4.2 million kilometers (2.6 million miles, 11 lunar distances). The next visit of the asteroid to Earth's neighborhood will be on 11 November 2018, when it will make a relatively distant pass at about 20 million kilometers (12.5 million miles, 52 lunar distances).[10] These encounters perturb its orbit parameters slightly, and each pass reduces its inclination further.

Physical characteristics

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During its close encounters in 2001 and 2015, astronomers were able to make radar images of its surface and determine physical properties that remain unknown for most asteroids.[10] According to the ExploreNEOs Warm Spitzer Exploration Science program, 1998 WT24 is a bright E-type asteroid with an exceptionally high albedo of 0.75±0.35.[9]

Diameter and albedo

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1998 WT24 measures between 350 and 415 meters in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.34 and 0.75.[3][5][9][c] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link an albedo of 0.34 and takes a diameter of 410 meters based on an absolute magnitude of 18.69.[4] The asteroid is modestly elongated, approximately 420 × 330 meters.[citation needed]

Rotation period

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Several rotational lightcurves of 1998 WT24 have been obtained from radiometric and photometric observations.[5][6][7][8][b][c] Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 3.697 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.19 and 0.65 magnitude (U=3).[4][a]

Future flyby candidate

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1998 WT24 has an orbit that not only crosses Earth's orbit, but is roughly parallel to it at its furthest. This means that during favourable years it is easy to reach from Earth. Several times this decade, it will be an easier target than Earth's own Moon. It is high on the list of possible Near-Earth Asteroid targets for future flybys, landings, mining, or orbit manipulations.

Numbering and naming

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This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 18 August 2002.[13] As of 2018, it has not been named.[2]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b Several lightcurve plots of (33342) obtained at the Center for Solar System Studies by B. D. Warner (2015).
  2. ^ a b Pravec (2001) web. Observations from December 2001. Rotation period 3.6977±0.0023 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.28 mag. Quality Code of 3. Summary figures for (33342) at the LCDB and Pravec, P.; Wolf, M.; Sarounova, L. (2001), see Ondrejov data obtained by the NEO Photometric Program and collaborating projects
  3. ^ a b c Robinson (2011) web: rotation period 3.698 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.26 mag. Quality Code of 3. Summary figures for (33342) at the LCDB

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 33342 (1998 WT24)" (2017-11-17 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  2. ^ a b "(33342) 1998 WT24". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d Harris, Alan W.; Mueller, Michael; Delbó, Marco; Bus, Schelte J. (June 2007). "Physical characterization of the potentially hazardous high-albedo Asteroid (33342) 1998 WT 24 from thermal-infrared observations" (PDF). Icarus. 188 (2): 414–424. Bibcode:2007Icar..188..414H. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.003. S2CID 121472045.
  4. ^ a b c d e "LCDB Data for (33342)". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Busch, Michael W.; Benner, Lance A. M.; Ostro, Steven J.; Giorgini, Jon D.; Jurgens, Raymond F.; Rose, Randy; et al. (June 2008). "Physical properties of near-Earth Asteroid (33342) 1998 WT24 [ Erratum: 2008Icar..197..375B ]". Icarus. 195 (2): 614–621. Bibcode:2008Icar..195..614B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.01.020.
  6. ^ a b Warner, Brian D. (April 2016). "Near-Earth Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at CS3-Palmer Divide Station: 2015 October–December". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 43 (2): 143–154. Bibcode:2016MPBu...43..143W. ISSN 1052-8091. PMC 7243997. PMID 32455373.
  7. ^ a b Krugly, Yu. N.; Belskaya, I. N.; Chiorny, V. G.; Shevchenko, V. G.; Gaftonyuk, N. M. (November 2002). "CCD photometry of near-Earth asteroids in 2001". In: Proceedings of Asteroids. 500: 903–906. Bibcode:2002ESASP.500..903K.
  8. ^ a b Behrend, Raoul. "Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (33342) 1998 WT24". Geneva Observatory. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d Thomas, C. A.; Trilling, D. E.; Emery, J. P.; Mueller, M.; Hora, J. L.; Benner, L. A. M.; et al. (September 2011). "ExploreNEOs. V. Average Albedo by Taxonomic Complex in the Near-Earth Asteroid Population". The Astronomical Journal. 142 (3): 12. Bibcode:2011AJ....142...85T. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/3/85.
  10. ^ a b c "Asteroid Looks Even Better Second Time Around". NASA JPL. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  11. ^ "(33342) 1998WT24 Ephemerides for December 2015". NEODyS-2 (Near Earth Objects – Dynamic Site). Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  12. ^ a b "Bright Asteroid". NASA Science. 14 December 2001. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  13. ^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
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