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Foreign relations of Trinidad and Tobago

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Modern Trinidad and Tobago maintains close relations with its Caribbean neighbours and major North American and European trading partners. As the most industrialized and second-largest country in the English-speaking Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago has taken a leading role in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), and strongly supports CARICOM economic integration efforts. It also is active in the Summit of the Americas process and supports the establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas, lobbying other nations for seating the Secretariat in Port of Spain.

As a member of CARICOM, Trinidad and Tobago strongly backed efforts by the United States to bring political stability to Haiti, contributing personnel to the Multinational Force in 1994. After its 1962 independence, Trinidad and Tobago joined the United Nations and Commonwealth of Nations. In 1967, it became the first Commonwealth country to join the Organization of American States (OAS). In 1995, Trinidad played host to the inaugural meeting of the Association of Caribbean States and has become the seat of this 35-member grouping, which seeks to further economic progress and integration among its states.

In international forums, Trinidad and Tobago has defined itself as having an independent voting record, but often supports U.S. and EU positions.

Trinidad and Tobago has historically been a trans-shipment point for South American drugs destined for the United States and Europe. This has created much tension in the country's politics.

Trinidad and Tobago is also a member-state of the International Criminal Court, without a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the U.S. military (as covered under Article 98)

Trinidad and Tobago and the Commonwealth of Nations

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Trinidad and Tobago became an independent state in 1962[1][2] with Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Trinidad and Tobago. She was represented by the Governor-General of Trinidad and Tobago.[citation needed]

On August 1, 1976, Trinidad and Tobago became a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations[3][4] with the last Governor-General, Sir Ellis Clarke becoming the first President of Trinidad and Tobago.[5][6]

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Trinidad and Tobago maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date[7]
1  Canada 31 August 1962[8]
2  France 31 August 1962[9]
3  India 31 August 1962[10]
4  Israel 31 August 1962[11]
5  United Kingdom 31 August 1962[12]
6  United States 31 August 1962[13]
7  Venezuela 14 September 1962[14]
8  Netherlands 19 October 1962[15]
9  Jamaica 18 June 1963[16]
10  Germany 28 August 1963[17]
11  Lebanon 1963[18]
12  Pakistan 1963[19]
13   Switzerland 1963[20]
14  Italy 4 January 1964[21]
15  Chile 3 February 1964[22]
16  Ghana 1 March 1964[23]
17  Egypt 22 March 1964[24]
18  Japan 22 May 1964[25]
19  Argentina 30 October 1964[26]
20  Senegal 21 November 1964[27]
21  Ethiopia 7 July 1965[28]
22  Brazil 27 July 1965[29]
23  Uruguay 22 November 1965[30]
24  Liberia 6 December 1965[31]
25  Algeria 1965[32]
26  Mexico 29 April 1966[33]
27  Guyana 26 May 1966[34]
28  Sweden July 1966[35]
29  Barbados 30 November 1966[36]
30  Spain 15 June 1967[37]
31  Ecuador 9 November 1967[38]
32  Peru 5 February 1968[39]
33  Colombia 22 February 1968[40]
34  Dominican Republic May 1968[41]
35  Luxembourg 17 December 1969[42]
36  Belgium 10 May 1970[43]
37  Tanzania 2 July 1970[44]
38  Nigeria 6 October 1970[45]
39  Zambia 17 February 1971[46]
40  Costa Rica 21 May 1971[47]
41  Norway 19 November 1971[48]
42  Sri Lanka November 1971[49]
43  Singapore 15 December 1971[50]
44  Finland 17 December 1971[51]
45  Syria 11 January 1972[52]
46  Turkey 22 May 1972[53]
47  Denmark 23 May 1972[54]
48  Cyprus 25 May 1972[55]
49  Austria 2 August 1972[56]
50  Romania 25 November 1972[57]
51  Cuba 8 December 1972[58]
52  Kuwait 3 September 1973[59]
53  Libya September 1973[60]
54  Iran September 1973[61][62]
55  Indonesia 12 October 1973[63]
56  Guinea 1973[64]
57  Ivory Coast 1973[65]
58  Kenya 1973[66][67]
59  Australia 7 January 1974[68]
60  Iraq 17 January 1974[69]
61  Haiti 31 January 1974[70]
62  Serbia 15 March 1974[71]
63  Uganda 5 June 1974[72]
64  Russia 6 June 1974[73]
65  China 20 June 1974[74]
66  Saudi Arabia 5 July 1974[75]
67  New Zealand 9 October 1974[76]
68  Mauritius 1974[77]
69  Hungary 7 June 1975[78]
70  Sierra Leone 17 July 1975[79]
71  Malaysia 11 June 1976[80]
72  Cameroon 19 December 1976[81]
73  Grenada 18 February 1977[82]
74  Portugal 2 September 1977[83]
75  Suriname 16 January 1978[84]
—  Holy See 23 July 1978[85]
76  Czech Republic 16 November 1979
77  Saint Lucia 1979[86]
78  Greece 10 October 1980[87]
79  Belize 21 September 1981[88]
80  Dominica June 1983[89]
81  Saint Kitts and Nevis 19 September 1983[90]
82  Bangladesh 22 September 1983[91]
83  South Korea 23 July 1985[92]
84  Thailand 22 January 1986[93]
85  North Korea 22 January 1986[94]
86  Bahamas 1993[95]
87  El Salvador 11 May 1994[96]
88  Panama 24 May 1994[97]
89  Paraguay 24 May 1994
90  Guatemala 25 May 1994
91  Namibia 1 December 1994
92  South Africa 10 January 1995
93  Slovenia 9 May 1997[98]
94  Malawi 21 April 1998
95  Botswana 11 May 1998
96  Slovakia 28 May 1998
97  Poland 13 August 1998
98  Morocco 4 November 1998
99  Ukraine 27 September 1999[99]
100  Philippines 18 April 2000
101  Ireland 13 December 2000
102  Latvia 11 March 2003
103  Zimbabwe 23 July 2009[100]
104  Malta 24 September 2009
105  Brunei 24 November 2009
106  Maldives 24 November 2009[101]
107  Seychelles 24 November 2009
108  Vanuatu 24 November 2009
109  Mozambique 10 February 2010[102]
110  Georgia 8 April 2011
111  Azerbaijan 11 April 2011[103]
112  Belarus 12 April 2011
113  Montenegro 15 April 2011
114  Bosnia and Herzegovina 19 April 2011
115  Bulgaria 20 September 2011
116  Croatia 14 December 2011
117  Estonia 2 April 2012
118  Lithuania 26 September 2012
119  Lesotho 2 November 2012[104]
120  Iceland 8 May 2013
121  East Timor 24 September 2013[105]
122  Kazakhstan 16 January 2014
123  Solomon Islands 30 January 2014
124  Liechtenstein 31 January 2014
125  Albania 13 May 2014
126  Andorra 26 September 2014
127  Fiji 18 March 2016
128  Qatar 6 June 2019
129  Mongolia 24 February 2021
130  Tajikistan 26 February 2021
131  Rwanda 26 May 2022
132    Nepal 16 June 2022
133  Bahrain 21 September 2022
134  Angola 7 December 2022
135  Vietnam 1 February 2023[106]
136  Cape Verde 14 March 2023
137  Oman 27 March 2023
138  Moldova 25 May 2023
139  Uzbekistan 15 June 2023
140  Turkmenistan 21 June 2023
141  Armenia 29 August 2023
142  Burundi 1 September 2023
—  State of Palestine 22 September 2024[107]
143  Antigua and Barbuda Unknown
144  Bolivia Unknown
145  Democratic Republic of the Congo Unknown
146  Eswatini Unknown
147  Honduras Unknown
148  Nicaragua Unknown
149  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Unknown
150  Tunisia Unknown
151  Tuvalu Unknown[108]
152  United Arab Emirates Unknown

Bilateral relations

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Armenia 29 August 2023 See Armenia–Trinidad and Tobago relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 August 2023
 Azerbaijan 11 April 2011 See Azerbaijan–Trinidad and Tobago relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 April 2011[103]
 Australia 7 January 1974 See Australia–Trinidad and Tobago relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1974[68]

 Austria 2 August 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 August 1972 when was accredited first ambassador of Austria to Trinidad and Tobago (resident in Caracas) Dr. Harald Godel[56]
 Barbados 30 November 1966 See Barbados–Trinidad and Tobago relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1966[36]

  • Barbados maintains non-resident representation to Port of Spain.
  • Trinidad and Tobago maintains non-resident representation to Bridgetown.
 Belize 21 September 1981
 Brazil 27 July 1965 See Brazil–Trinidad and Tobago relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 July 1965[29]

Brazil and Trinidad and Tobago enjoy a cordial and active relation. The establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries started in 1942 with the establishment of a Brazilian Vice-Consulate in Port-of-Spain, where later the Brazilian Embassy was open in 1965. Several mutual visits of Heads of State have occurred starting in 2008, when a MOU for cooperation on energy industry was signed.[109]

 Canada 31 August 1962 See Canada–Trinidad and Tobago relations

Both Countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 1962.[8]

Canada currently has 68,000 Trinidad and Tobagoan immigrants.

  • Canada has a High Commission in Port of Spain.
  • Trinidad and Tobago has a High Commission in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.
 Chile 3 February 1964 See Chile–Trinidad and Tobago relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1964

 China 20 June 1974 See China–Trinidad and Tobago relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 June 1974[74]

  • China has an embassy in Port of Spain
  • Trinidad and Tobago has an embassy in Beijing
 Cuba 8 December 1972 See Cuba–Trinidad and Tobago relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 December 1972[58]

  • Cuba has an embassy in Port of Spain.
  • Trinidad and Tobago has an embassy in Havana.
 Cyprus 25 May 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 May 1972 when was accredited first High Commissioner of Cyprus to Trinidad and Tobago (resident in New York City) Mr. Andreas Jacovides[55]
  • Cyprus is represented in Trinidad and Tobago by its embassy in New York City.[110]
  • Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
 Denmark 23 May 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 May 1972 when was accredited first Ambassador of Trinidad and Tobago to Denmark (resident in London) Dr. Patrick Vincent Joseph Solomon[54]
 Ethiopia 7 July 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1965 when was appointed first Ambassador of Trinidad and Tobago to Ethiopia Mr. George Daniel[28]
 France 31 August 1962 See France–Trinidad and Tobago relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 1962[9]

Bilateral relations between the countries France and Trinidad and Tobago have existed for about two hundred years.[111] Currently, France has an embassy in Port of Spain. Trinidad and Tobago is represented in France through its embassy in Brussels (Belgium). Trinidad and Tobago also has bilateral investment agreements with France.[112]

 Georgia 8 April 2011

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 April 2011

Georgia is represented in Trinidad and Tobago by its embassy in Brasília.[113]

 Guyana 26 May 1966 See Guyana–Trinidad and Tobago relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 May 1966.[114]

The two share many similarities between each other due to their shared history in the Commonwealth of Nations along with having similar language, culture, demographics and religions. Both countries had substantial numbers of indentured servants from India and slaves from Africa imported into their country. In the 1970s, Trinidad and Tobago gave Guyana substantial oil exports on credit and in the 1990s, forgave hundred of millions of dollars of debt under the Paris Club Agreement. In 2017, Guyana established its first High Commission in Port of Spain. In 2018, Both countries signed a MOU(Memorandum of Understanding) on Energy Cooperation.

 Haiti 31 January 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1974 when first Ambassador of Trinidad and Tobago to Haiti Mr. Charles H. Archibald presented his credentials[70]
 India 31 August 1962 See India–Trinidad and Tobago relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 1962 when the status of the Commissioner of India in Trinidad and Tobago was raised to that of High Commissioner (Ambassador)[10]

Republic of India operates a High Commission in Port of Spain,[115] whilst Republic of Trinidad and Tobago operates a High Commission in New Delhi.[116]

 Israel 1962

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962. The country is among the staunchest supporters of Israel in the Caribbean[117]

 Italy 4 January 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 January 1964 when was appointed first Ambassador of Italy to Trinidad and Tobago (resident in Venezuela) Mr. Girolamo Pignatti[21]
 Jamaica 18 June 1963 See Jamaica–Trinidad and Tobago relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1963

  • Jamaica has a High Commission in Port of Spain.
  • Trinidad and Tobago has a High Commission in Kingston.
 Lebanon 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1963 when has been accredited Ambassador of Lebanon to Trinidad and Tobago (resident in Caracas) M. Halim Shebaya.[18]
 Liberia 6 December 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1965 when was accredited first ambassador of Liberia to Trinidad and Tobago (resident in Haiti) Mr. William B. Fernandez[31]
 Malta 24 September 2009
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 September 2009
  • Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
 Mexico 29 April 1966 See Mexico–Trinidad and Tobago relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1966[33]

  • Mexico has an embassy in Port of Spain.[118]
  • Trinidad and Tobago is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[119]
 Nigeria 6 October 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1970 when was accredited first High Commissioner of Nigeria ti Trinidad and Tobago Mr. Edwin Ogbu[45]
  • Nigeria has a High Commission in Port of Spain.
  • Trinidad and Tobago has a High Commission in Abuja.
 Pakistan 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1963 when Mr. S. M. Khan, Pakistan High Commissioner in Canada, has been appointed currently as High Commissioner to Trinidad and Tobago.[19]
 Peru 5 February 1968 See Peru–Trinidad and Tobago relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 February 1968[39]

  • Peru has an embassy in Port of Spain
  • Trinidad and Tobago has a Consulate in Lima
 Philippines 18 April 2000 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 2000
  • Philippines is accredited to Trinidad and Tobago from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Trinidad and Tobago is accredited to the Philippines from its embassy in Beijing, China.
 Russia 6 June 1974 See Russia–Trinidad and Tobago relations

The Soviet Union and Trinidad and Tobago have established diplomatic relations on 6 June 1974.

Both countries have interests with each other since the Soviet Union. In August 1992, Trinidad recognized Russia as the USSR's successor. Currently, Russia is represented in Trinidad and Tobago through a non-resident embassy in Georgetown (Guyana). In 2004, Sergey Lavrov and Knowlson Gift signed the protocol on the political consultations between the two Ministries. In April 2005 the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago signed the cooperation agreement.[120] In 2004, the Russian Cossack folk dance had nine concerts in Port of Spain, San Fernando, Couva, and Tobago.

 Saudi Arabia 5 July 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1974
 Senegal 21 November 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 November 1964 when Trinidad Government has announced that Senegal has become the first African state to accredit an ambassador to this country. He is Mr. Ousmane Soce Diop Senegalese Ambassador in the United States , with residence in Washington.[27]
 Serbia 15 March 1974
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1974
  • Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements.[121]
 Sierra Leone 17 July 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 July 1975 when accredited first High Commissioner of Trinidad and Tobago to Sierra Leone (resident in Lagos) Mr. J.S.Donaldson[79]
 Singapore 15 December 1971 See Singapore–Trinidad and Tobago relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1971
  • Singapore was Trinidad and Tobago's 3rd largest import partner in 2015.
 South Africa 10 January 1995 See South Africa–Trinidad and Tobago relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1995

  • South Africa is accredited to Trinidad and Tobago from its high commission in Kingston, Jamaica.
  • Trinidad and Tobago has a High Commission in Pretoria.
 Spain 15 June 1967 See Spain–Trinidad and Tobago relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 1967

 Syria 11 January 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 January 1972 when was accredited first Ambassador of Syrian Arab Republic (resident in Caracas) Mr. Bachir El Kotb[52]
 Tanzania 2 July 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 July 1970 when was accredited first High Commissioner of Tanzania to Trinidad and Tobago (resident in New York City) Mr. Salim Ahmed Salim[44]
 Turkey 22 May 1972 See Trinidad and Tobago–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 May 1972[53]

  • Turkey has an embassy in Port of Spain.[122]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 120.8 million USD in 2019 (Trinidad's exports/imports: 52.4/68.4 million USD).[122]
 Uganda 5 June 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 June 1974 when has been accredited High Commissioner of Trinidad and Tobago to Uganda Mr. J. R. P. Dumas.[72]
 United Kingdom 31 August 1962 See Trinidad and Tobago–United Kingdom relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 1962[12]

  • Trinidad and Tobago has a High Commission in London.
  • The United Kingdom has a High Commission in Port of Spain.
 United States 31 August 1962 See Trinidad and Tobago–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 1962[13]

United States embassy in Port of Spain.

The United States and Trinidad and Tobago enjoy cordial relations. U.S. interests there and throughout the hemisphere focus on increasing investment and trade, and ensuring more stable supplies of energy. They also include enhancing Trinidad and Tobago's political and social stability and positive regional role through assistance in drug interdiction, health issues, and legal affairs. The U.S. embassy was established in Port of Spain in 1962, replacing the former consulate-general.

  • Trinidad and Tobago has an embassy in Washington, D.C.
  • United States has an embassy in Port of Spain.
 Venezuela 14 September 1962 See Trinidad and Tobago–Venezuela relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 1962[14]

  • Trinidad and Tobago has an embassy in Caracas.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Port of Spain.
 Zambia 17 February 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 February 1971 when first Zambia's high commissioner in Trinidad and Tobago, Mr. Vernon Johnson Mwaanga presented his credentials to Governor General Sir Solomon Hochoy[46]

International organisations

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On its independence in 1962, Trinidad and Tobago joined the United Nations and the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1967, it became the first Commonwealth country to join the Organization of American States (OAS).

In 1995, Trinidad played host to the inaugural meeting of the Association of Caribbean States and has become the seat of this 35-member grouping, which seeks to further economic progress and integration among its states.

As the most industrialized and second-largest country in the English-speaking Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago has taken a leading role in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), and strongly supports CARICOM economic integration efforts. It also is active in the Summit of the Americas process and supports the establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas, lobbying other nations for seating the Secretariat in Port of Spain. As a member of CARICOM, Trinidad and Tobago strongly backed efforts by the United States to bring political stability to Haiti, contributing personnel to the Multinational Force in 1994.

Trinidad and Tobago is also a member-state of the International Criminal Court, without a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the U.S. military (as covered under Article 98).

In July 2013 the President of Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro invited Trinidad and Tobago to join the Union of South American Nations.[123]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Independence Timeline: 1962 to present". Trinidad Express Newspapers. 25 August 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  2. ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Trinidad and Tobago". Office of the Historian. 31 August 1962. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  3. ^ "T&T didn't become a Republic on Sept 24, but here's why it's celebrated on that day". Trinidad Guardian. 23 September 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  4. ^ "Trinidad and Tobago country profile". BBC News. 24 October 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  5. ^ Donovan, Paul (20 January 2011). "Sir Ellis Clarke obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  6. ^ "Memories of Sir Ellis Clarke". Trinidad Guardian. 2 September 1917. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  7. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Trinidad and Tobago and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  8. ^ a b "Canada-Trinidad and Tobago relations". international.gc.ca. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  9. ^ a b "Liste chronologique des ambassadeurs, envoyes extraordinaires, ministres plenipotentiaires et chrges d'affaires de France a l'etranger depuis 1945" (PDF). diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). p. 70/86. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  10. ^ a b Trinidad and Tobago Year Book. Franklin's Electric Printery. 1966. p. 317. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  11. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica: A-Z. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 1972. p. 444.
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  14. ^ a b "Venezuela celebra el 58° aniversario del establecimiento de sus relaciones diplomáticas con Trinidad y Tobago". Cancillería Venezuela (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  15. ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 73-75 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1962. p. 74.
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  19. ^ a b The Diplomat Volume 6. M. Aziz. 1963.
  20. ^ The Diplomatic Press Trade Directory of Trinidad and Tobago 1963-64. Diplomatic and Publishing Company. 1964. p. 45.
  21. ^ a b Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 5-6. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1964.
  22. ^ "Consideraciones Generales sobre Jamaica y el Caribe de habla inglesa" (PDF). Embajada de Chile Kingston, Jamaica (in Spanish). November 1992. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  23. ^ Ghana News Volume 2. Embassy of Ghana. 1964. p. 11. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  24. ^ Mideast Mirror, 16. 1964. p. 20.
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  26. ^ "Establecimiento de Relaciones Dilpomáticas entre la República Argentina y la República de Trinidad y Tobago". Biblioteca Digital de Tratados Argentina (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  27. ^ a b West Africa. West Africa Publishing Company, Limited. 1964. p. 1281.
  28. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1965. p. 335.
  29. ^ a b "Cria a Embaixada do Brasil em Trinidad-e-Tobago e Extingue o Consulado em Port-of-Spain. Decreto Nº 56.616 de 27 de Julho de 1965". legislacao.presidencia.gov.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  30. ^ News Issues 1-78. Embassy of Uruguay. Uruguay. Embajada (U.S.). 1965.
  31. ^ a b Trinidad and Tobago Gazette Volume 8. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1969. p. 131.
  32. ^ S. Steinberg (26 December 2016). The Statesman's Year-Book 1965-66. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 529.
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  51. ^ "Trinidad and Tobago". Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  52. ^ a b Trinidad and Tobago Gazette Volume 12, Issues 1-172. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1973. p. 176.
  53. ^ a b "Joint Statement on the Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between Trinidad and Tobago and Turkey". Ministry of Foreign and CARICOM Affairs. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  54. ^ a b "Udenlandske diplomatiske og konsulære repræsentationer i Danmark" (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof-og Statskalender 1974 (in Danish). p. 260/1388. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  55. ^ a b Trinidad and Tobago Gazette Volume 12, Issues 1-172. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1973. p. 176.
  56. ^ a b Trinidad and Tobago Gazette Volume 12, Issues 1-172. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1973. p. 176.
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