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Imad al-Din Zengi

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Imad al-Din Zengi
Atabeg of Mosul, Aleppo, Hama and Edessa, Mesopotamia
Ruler in Turkic military dress: long braids, sharbush fur hat, boots, close-fitting coat.[1] Maqamat by Al-Hariri of Basra (1054–1122), a high government official of the Seljuks. Mesopotamia, possibly Baghdad, 1237 copy.[1]
Atabeg of Zengid dynasty
Reign
Coronation1127, Mosul
Successor
Born1085
DiedSeptember 14, 1146 (aged 61)
Qal'at Ja'bar, Syria
Spouse
Names
Imad al-Din Atabeg Zengi al-Malik al-Mansur
DynastyZengid dynasty
FatherAq Sunqur al-Hajib
ReligionIslam
Military career
Battles / wars

Imad al-Din Zengi (Arabic: عماد الدین زنكي; c. 1085 – 14 September 1146), also romanized as Zangi, Zengui, Zenki, and Zanki, was a Turkoman atabeg of the Seljuk Empire,[3] who ruled Mosul, Aleppo, Hama, and, later, Edessa. He was the namesake and founder of the Zengid dynasty of atabegs.

Early life

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Zengi's father, Aq Sunqur al-Hajib, governor of Aleppo under Malik-Shah I, was beheaded by Tutush I for treason in 1094. At the time, Zengi was about 10 years old and was brought up by Kerbogha, the governor of Mosul. Zengi then served in the military of the Governors of Mosul, first under Jawali Saqawa (1106–1109), then Mawdud (1109–1113), and from 1114, under Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi.[4]

Zengi remained in Mosul until 1118, when he entered into the service of the new Seljuk ruler Mahmūd (1118–1119). Upon Sanjar's accession in 1119, Zengi remained loyal to Mahmūd, who became ruler of the Iraqi Seljuk Sultānate (1119–1131).[5]

Seljuk Governor of Iraq

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The region of Mesopotamia was under the control of the Seljuk Empire from 1055 to 1135, since the Oghuz Turk Tughril Beg had expelled the Shiite Buyid dynasty. Tughril Beg was the first Seljuk ruler to style himself Sultan and Protector of the Abbasid Caliphate.[6][7] Mesopotamia remained under the control of the Great Seljuks during the reign of Muhammad I Tapar (1082–1118), but from 1119, his 14 years old son Mahmud II (1118–1131) was restricted to the only rule of Iraq, while Sanjar took control of the rest of the Empire.[5]

Wishing to contain the Arab Banu Mazyad leader Dubays ibn Sadaqa, in 1122 Mahmūd II ordered a military expedition from Mosul to southern Iraq, commanded by Zengi and Altun-Tash al-Aburi under the orders of Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi.[8] Zengi, for whom this was the first major military command, garrisoned his troops around Wasit, and was granted Governorship of the region of Wasit as an ıqta.[8] In alliance with the troops of the Caliphate, they defeated Dubays at the Battle of Mubarraqiyya in 1123.[8] Zengi then received in addition to his previous responsibilities the Military Governorship of Basra in 1124.[8][5]

In order to counter the ambitions of Abbasid Caliph al-Mustarshid (1118–1135), who wanted to acquire world dominance, the Seljuks led by Mahmud II now waged a campaign against him.[8] With some decisive leadership from Zengi, the Seljuks managed to take control of Baghdad and the Caliphate, pillaging the Caliph's palace.[8] The Caliph sued for peace and had to pay a huge ransom.[8] In addition to his possessions in Wasit and Basra, Zengi was promoted and received the Governorship for Baghdad in April 1126, receiveing the title of shihna effectively putting him in control of the whole of Seljuk Iraq.[8][5] In 1227, following the murder of Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi, Zengi was named Governor of Mosul, where the Atabegdom of Mosul was formed.[5]

Atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo

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Following the death in 1128 of Toghtekin, atabeg of Damascus, a power vacuum threatened to open Syria to renewed Crusader aggression.[9] Zengi became atabeg of Mosul in 1127 and of Aleppo in 1128, uniting the two cities under his personal rule, and was formally invested as their ruler by the Seljuk Sultan Mahmud II. Zengi had supported the young sultan against his rival, the caliph al-Mustarshid.

Zengi against Damascus

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In 1130 Zengi allied with Taj al-Mulk Buri of Damascus against the Crusaders, but this was only a ruse to extend his power; he had Buri's son taken prisoner and seized Hama from him. Zengi also besieged Homs, the governor of which was accompanying him at the time, but could not capture it, so he returned to Mosul, where Buri's son and the other prisoners from Damascus were ransomed for 50,000 dinars. The next year, Zengi agreed to return the 50,000 dinars if Buri would deliver to him Dubais ibn Sadaqa, emir of al-Hilla in Iraq, who had fled to Damascus to escape al-Mustarshid. When an ambassador from the caliph arrived to bring Dubais back, Zengi attacked him and killed some of his retinue; the ambassador returned to Baghdad without Dubais.

Mahmud II died in 1131, setting off a war for the succession. As the Seljuk princes were occupied fighting one another in Persia, Zengi marched on Baghdad to add it to his dominions. He was defeated by the caliph's troops, however, and only escaped thanks to the help of the governor of Tikrit, Najm ad-Din Ayyub, future father of Saladin. Several years later, Zengi would reward the governor with a position in his army, paving the way for Saladin's brilliant career.

The Citadel of Aleppo was fortified by the Zengids during the Crusades. Imad ad-Din Zengi, followed by his son Nur ad-Din (ruled 1147–1174), unified Aleppo and Damascus and held back the Crusaders from their repeated assaults on the cities.[10]

In 1134 Zengi became involved in Artuqid affairs, allying with the emir Timurtash (son of Ilghazi) against Timurtash's cousin Rukn al-Dawla Da'ud. Zengi's real desires, however, lay to the south, in Damascus. In 1135 Zengi received an appeal for help from Shams ul-Mulk Isma'il, who had succeeded his father Buri as emir of Damascus, and who was in fear for his life from his own citizenry, who considered him a cruel tyrant. Ismail was willing to surrender the city to Zengi in order to restore peace. None of Isma'il's family or advisors wanted this, however, and Isma'il was murdered by his own mother, Zumurrud, to prevent him from turning over the city to Zengi's control. Isma'il was succeeded by his brother Shihab al-Din Mahmud.

Zengi was not discouraged by this turn of events and arrived at Damascus anyway, still intending to seize it. The siege lasted for some time with no success on Zengi's part, so a truce was made and Shahib al-Din's brother Bahram-Shah was given as a hostage. At the same time, news of the siege had reached the caliph and Baghdad, and a messenger was sent with orders for Zengi to leave Damascus and take control of the governance of Iraq. The messenger was ignored, but Zengi gave up the siege, as per the terms of the truce with Shihab al-Din. On the way back to Aleppo, Zengi besieged Homs, whose governor had angered him, and Shihab al-Din responded to the city's call for help by sending Mu'in al-Din Unur to govern it.

War against Crusaders and Byzantine Empire

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Territories of Zengi in 1146 (in green  )

In 1137 Imad-ud-din Zengi besieged Homs again, but Mu'in al-Din unur successfully defended it. In response, Damascus allied with the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem against him.

In the Battle of Ba'rin (also known as Battle of Montferrand) in 1137, a Crusader force commanded by King Fulk of Jerusalem was scattered and defeated by Zengi, the atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo. This setback resulted in the permanent loss of the Crusader castle of Montferrand in Baarin. Crusader King Fulk of Jerusalem agreed to surrender and was allowed to flee with his surviving troops.[11]

War against the Byzantine–Crusader alliance

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Main article: Siege of Shaizar
Emperor John II directs the unsuccessful Siege of Shaizar against Zengid territory, French manuscript, 1338

Zengi, realizing that this new expedition against Damascus was bound to fail, made peace with Shahib al-Din, just in time to be confronted at Aleppo by an army sent by the Byzantine Emperor John II Comnenus. The Emperor had recently brought the Crusader Principality of Antioch under Byzantine control, and had allied himself with Joscelin II of Edessa and Raymond of Antioch. Facing a combined Byzantine/Crusader threat, Zengi mobilized his forces and recruited assistance from other Muslim leaders. In April 1138 the armies of the Byzantine emperor and the Crusader princes laid siege to Shaizar, but they were turned back by Zengi's forces a month later.

Siege of Baalbek

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In May 1138 Zengi came to an agreement with Damascus. He married Zumurrud Khatun, the same woman who had murdered her son Ismail, and received Homs as her dowry. In July 1139 Zumurrud's surviving son, Shihab al-Din, was assassinated, and Zengi marched on Damascus to take possession of the city. The Damascenes, united under Mu'in al-Din Unur, acting as regent for Shihab al-Din's successor Jamal al-Din, once again allied with Jerusalem to repel Zengi. Zengi also besieged Jamal al-Din's former possession of Baalbek, and Mu'in al-Din was in charge of its defenses as well. Zengi obtained its surrender in response to a promise of safe passage; he did not honor it,[12] ordering that the defenders be crucified. Unlike Saladin at Jerusalem in 1187, Zengi did not keep his word to protect his captives at Baalbek in 1139. According to Ibn al-‘Adim, Zengi "had sworn to the people of the citadel with strong oaths and on the Qur’an and divorcing (his wives). When they came down from the citadel he betrayed them, flayed its governor and hanged the rest."[13][14] He granted the territory to his lieutenant Najm al-Din Ayyub, father of Saladin.[12] After Zengi abandoned his siege of Damascus, Jamal al-Din died of a disease and was succeeded by his son Mujir al-Din, with Mu'in al-Din remaining as regent.

Expansion and conflict with Armenia

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Mu'in al-Din signed a new peace treaty with Jerusalem for their mutual protection against Zengi. While Mu'in al-Din and the crusaders joined together to besiege Banias in 1140, Zengi once more laid siege to Damascus, but quickly abandoned it again. There were no major engagements between the crusaders, Damascus, and Zengi for the next few years, but Zengi in the meantime campaigned in the north and captured Ashib and the Armenian fortress of Hizan.

Conquest of Edessa

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In 1144, Zengi began the siege of Edessa against the crusader County of Edessa, one of the four original crusader states established after the First Crusade, and captured it on December 24, 1144, after a siege of four months. County of Edessa was the first crusader state to be created and was also the first to fall. This event led to the Second Crusade, and later Muslim chroniclers noted it as the start of the jihad against the Crusader states.

Death and legacy

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Death of Sanguius (Zengi) in "Histoire d'Outremer", Guillaume de Tyr MS, 1232–1261, British Library.[15]
Coin of Qutb al-Din Mawdud (r. 1149–1170), son of Zengi. Dated AH 556 (1160–1161 CE).[16]

Zengi continued his attempts to take Damascus in 1145, but he was assassinated by a Frankish slave named Yarankash in September 1146, after the atabeg drunkenly threatened him with punishment for drinking from his goblet.[17]

According to Ibn 'al-Adim:

The Atebeg was violent, powerful, awe-inspiring and liable to attack suddenly ... When he rode, the troops use to walk behind him as if they were between two threads, out of fear they would trample over crops, and nobody out of fear dared to trample on a single stem (of them) nor march his horse on them ... If anyone transgressed, he was crucified. He (Zengi) used to say: "It does not happen that there is more than one tyrant (meaning himself) at one time."[18]

Zengi was the founder of the eponymous Zengid dynasty. In Mosul he was succeeded by his eldest son Sayf al-Din Ghazi I, and in Aleppo he was succeeded by his second son Nur al-Din. When Sayf died in 1149, he was succeeded in Mosul by a third son Qutb al-Din Mawdud.[19]

References

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  1. ^ a b Flood, Finbarr Barry (2017). "A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus". Interaction in the Himalayas and Central Asia. Austrian Academy of Science Press: 232.
  2. ^ a b c Alptekin, C. (1972). The Reign of Zangī (521–541/1127–1146). University of London. pp. 47, 98, 133.
  3. ^ El-Azhari, Taef (2016). "The early career of Zengi, 1084 to 1127. The Turkmen influence.". Zengi and the Muslim Response to the Crusades. London and New York: Routledge. p. 10. This chapter is concerned with Zengi's early career and upbringing, his Seldjuk background...
  4. ^ Alptekin, Cojkun (1972). The Reign of Zangi (PDF). University of London. pp. 33–36.
  5. ^ a b c d e Küçüksipahioğlu, Birsel (30 June 2020). "Mosul and Aleppo Governor Imad Al-Din Zangi's Fight Against the Crusaders". Journal of Oriental Studies (36): 104. doi:10.26650/jos.2020.005. Staying in Mosul until the death of Sultān Muhammad Tapar in 1118, Zangi then entered the service of the Sultān's son and the new Seljuk ruler Mahmūd (1118–1119), remaining loyal to him to the end. With the new era introduced with the defeat of Sultān Mahmūd in the Sāveh battle he engaged his uncle Sanjar in 1119, which opened the way for Sanjar (1119–1157) to accede to the throne of Great Seljuk Empire, Mahmūd was assigned to the Iraqi Seljuk Sultānate (1119–1131), continuing his rule there. In 1124, Sultān Mahmūd granted the city of Wasit to Imad al-Din Zangi as a ıqta, and conferred him the Military Governorship of Basra together with Baghdad and Iraq in 1127. The reason behind such assignments was to attempt to impede Abbasid Caliph al-Mustarshid (1118–1135) who then wished to build a worldwide dominance. Indeed, the efforts of Zangi in the fight of Mahmūd, whom Sanjar urgently sent to Baghdad, against the Caliph ensured the Sultān became victorious, and he contributed to the efforts in damaging the sole authority and dominance claims of the Caliph. Following the deaths of Mosul Governor Aq-Sunqur el-Porsuqi and his successor and son Mas'ud in the same year in 1127, Zangi was appointed Governor of Mosul. He was also in charge of al-Jazeera and Northern Syria, and Sultān Mahmūd approved him being assigned as the Atabeg of his two sons, Farrukh shah and Alparsalan. Thus the Atabegdom of Mosul was formed.
  6. ^ Falk, Avner (8 May 2018). Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades. Routledge. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-429-89969-0.
  7. ^ McHugo, John (2 April 2018). A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi'is. Georgetown University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-62616-588-5.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Alptekin, Cojkun (1972). The Reign of Zangi (PDF). University of London. pp. 38–44.
  9. ^ Gabrieli 1969: 41
  10. ^ Gonella 2005, pp. 14–19.
  11. ^ Smail, p 33
  12. ^ a b EI (1913), p. 543.
  13. ^ Maalouf, Crusades Through Arab Eyes, p. 138. Also, Ibn Wasil, Mufarrij al-Kurub, p. 86
  14. ^ Asbridge, Thomas (2010). The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781849837705.
  15. ^ Thompson, Henry Yates (1919). Catalogue of twenty-eight illuminated manuscripts and two illuminated printed books, the property of Henry Yates Thompson, which will be sold at auction by Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge ... the 3rd of June, 1919. London: Dryden Press, J. Davy. p. 50, Plate 34, image 1.
  16. ^ "Copper alloy dirham of Qutb al-Din Mawdud ibn Zengi, al-Mawsil, 556 H. 1917.215.1000". numismatics.org. American Numismatic Society.
  17. ^ Maalouf, Crusades Through Arab Eyes, p.138
  18. ^ Ibn al-‘Adim, Zubda, vol. 2, p. 471
  19. ^ Bosworth 1996, p. 190.
    1. The main line in Mosul and Aleppo:
      • 521/1127 Zangi I b. Qasim al-Dawla Aq Sunqur, 'Imad al-Din
      • 541/1146 Ghazi I b. Zangi I, Sayf al-Din
      • 544/1149 Mawdud b. Zangi I, Qutb al-Din (...)
    2. The line in Damascus and then Aleppo
      • 541/1147 Mahmud b. Zangi, Abu ’1-Qasim al-Malik al-'Adil Nur al-Din, in Aleppo and then Damascus (...)

Sources

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Regnal titles
Preceded by Emir of Mosul
1127–1146 		Succeeded by
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