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Aube

Coordinates: 48°20′N 4°10′E / 48.333°N 4.167°E / 48.333; 4.167
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Aude, the department in south-central France.
For other uses, see Aube (disambiguation).

Aube
Department of France
Prefecture building of the Aube department in Troyes
Prefecture building of the Aube department in Troyes
Flag of Aube
Flag
Coat of arms of Aube
Coat of arms
Location of Aube in France
Location of Aube in France
Coordinates: 48°20′N 4°10′E / 48.333°N 4.167°E / 48.333; 4.167
CountryFrance
RegionGrand Est
PrefectureTroyes
SubprefecturesBar-sur-Aube
Nogent-sur-Seine
Government
 • President of the Departmental CouncilPhilippe Pichery[1] (DVD)
Area
1
 • Total
6,004 km2 (2,318 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[2]
 • Total
311,329
 • Rank74th
 • Density52/km2 (130/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeFR-10
Department number10
Arrondissements3
Cantons17
Communes431
^1 French Land Register data, which excludes estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2

Aube (French pronunciation: [ob] ⓘ ohb) is a French department in the Grand Est region of north-eastern France. As with sixty departments in France, this department is named after a river: the Aube. With 310,242 inhabitants (2019),[3] Aube is the 74th department in terms of population. The inhabitants of the department are known as Aubois or Auboises.[4]

The department was constituted by a decree of the National Assembly of 15 January 1790.

Geography

[edit]

Location

[edit]
Entry to the Aube department from Route N77

The Aube department is located in the south-west side of the Grand Est region. It borders the departments of Marne in the north (about 130 km long), Haute-Marne to the east (about 100 km long), Côte-d'Or in the south-east (about 45 km long), Yonne in the south-west (about 175 km long), and Seine-et-Marne in the west (about 45 km long).[5]

Subregions of Aube

[edit]
Map of natural and traditional regions of the department.

Within the department regions of natural or traditional countryside can be identified as follows:

  • northwest quarter: Champagne crayeuse (chalky Champagne)
  • northwestern tip: the Nogentais
  • southwest of Troyes: the Othe region
  • to the south: le Chaourçois
  • to the northeast: the Briennois
  • to the east: the Barrois
  • between Troyes and Barrois: Champagne wetlands

Communes of Aube

[edit]
Main article: Communes of the Aube department

Aube is divided into 431 communes totalling 310,242 inhabitants (2019). The most populous commune is the prefecture Troyes. As of 2019, there are 5 communes with more than 10,000 inhabitants:[3]

Commune Population (2019)
Troyes 61,957
Romilly-sur-Seine 14,480
Saint-André-les-Vergers 12,784
La Chapelle-Saint-Luc 11,741
Sainte-Savine 10,508

All of those communes, except Romilly-sur-Seine, are part of the agglomeration of Troyes.

Topography and geology

[edit]
Altitude of the main towns of Aube
Troyes Romilly-sur-Seine Bar-sur-Aube Nogent-sur-Seine
Lowest Altitude 100 metres 67 metres 156 metres 60 metres
Highest Altitude 126 metres 112 metres 348 metres 113 metres
Average Altitude 113 metres 90 metres 252 metres 87 metres
Town Hall Altitude 107 metres 77 metres 165 metres 71 metres

Hydrography

[edit]
The Seine at Bar-sur-Seine

There are 23 rivers throughout the department,[Note 1] the four main rivers being the Seine, the Aube (tributary of the Seine), the Armance (tributary of the Armançon), and the Vanne (a tributary of the Yonne).

Forests and lakes

[edit]
Temple Lake seen from the dam

The department has 140,000 hectares of forests.[6]

Located in the Community of communes of Forests, lakes, and lands in Champagne, the Orient Forest Regional Natural Park was one of the first natural parks created in France.

In the same place, there is the Orient Lake and the Amance and Temple lakes where fishing, recreational water sports, and bathing are available. Each lake specialises in one or more of these activities.

Climate

[edit]

The climate is moderate without intense cold or excessive heat which represents a climate similar to continental and oceanic.

Between 1950 and 1985 the average annual temperature recorded in the department was 10.1 °C[7] which is equivalent to the Paris basin and the cities of north-eastern France. The average sunshine hours per year is 1771.

Average annual rainfall is quite high (653.4 mm over 115 days of rain[7]). In general there is more rain in autumn than in winter but rainfall is highest during spring. In contrast summer is the season when rainfall is lowest. There is, however, more rain in the south-east than the north-west.

Snow is relatively infrequent. Prevailing wind is from the west.

Town Sunshine

(hours/yr) 		Rain

(mm/yr)		 Snow

(days/yr)		 Storm

(days/yr)		 Fog

(days/yr)
National average 1,973 770 14 22 40
Troyes[9] 1,817 645 15 17 38
Paris 1,661 637 12 18 10
Nice 2,724 767 1 29 1
Strasbourg 1,693 665 29 29 56
Brest 1,605 1,211 7 12 75
Climate data for Troyes
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.2
(43.2) 		7.7
(45.9) 		11.9
(53.4) 		15.2
(59.4) 		19.5
(67.1) 		22.7
(72.9) 		25.7
(78.3) 		25.4
(77.7) 		21.2
(70.2) 		16.3
(61.3) 		10.1
(50.2) 		6.7
(44.1) 		15.7
(60.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.1
(37.6) 		3.7
(38.7) 		7.0
(44.6) 		9.5
(49.1) 		13.7
(56.7) 		16.7
(62.1) 		19.3
(66.7) 		19.0
(66.2) 		15.4
(59.7) 		11.6
(52.9) 		6.6
(43.9) 		3.8
(38.8) 		10.8
(51.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.1
(31.8) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		2.0
(35.6) 		3.7
(38.7) 		7.8
(46.0) 		10.7
(51.3) 		12.8
(55.0) 		12.6
(54.7) 		9.6
(49.3) 		6.8
(44.2) 		3.0
(37.4) 		0.8
(33.4) 		5.8
(42.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 50.5
(1.99) 		42.1
(1.66) 		47.7
(1.88) 		50.9
(2.00) 		61.7
(2.43) 		56.6
(2.23) 		54.4
(2.14) 		52.2
(2.06) 		53.3
(2.10) 		63.6
(2.50) 		51.2
(2.02) 		60.6
(2.39) 		644.8
(25.39)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 10.0 8.4 10.3 9.1 10.1 8.6 7.2 7.0 7.5 9.6 9.8 10.6 108.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 69 88 144 185 215 229 235 228 179 124 67 54 1,817
Source: Meteorological data for Troyes – 112 m altitude, from 1981 to 2010 January 2015 (in French)

Channels of communication and transport

[edit]

Road network

[edit]

The department has 150 km of autoroutes, 33 km of national roads, 4,517 km of departmental roads and 2,116 km of local roads.[10]

Communal transport

[edit]

In the Agglomeration of Troyes TCAT (Transport for the Communes of Troyes) provides a transport network between communes. Unlike many networks that are provided by other operators, the agglomeration community of the city is the owner of the company.[11] The network currently serves eleven communes including two outside the Troyes agglomeration. Other cities, including Romilly-sur-Seine, have no transport network.[12]

Aube also has intercity transport networks. 21 regular bus routes are operated between the major cities of the department. The use of these lines is entrusted to private coaches: Transdev – The Carriers of Aube has 15 routes,[13] Keolis Sud Lorraine has 4 routes,[14] Procars Champagne has 2 routes,[15] Autocars Bardy has one route.[16]

Rail network

[edit]
Troyes Station

Five railway stations are currently in operation. These are: Nogent-sur-Seine, Romilly-sur-Seine, Troyes, Vendeuvre-sur-Barse, Bar-sur-Aube.

Aube does not have a strong rail coverage. Only one main non-electrified line passes through Aube – the line that connects Paris-Est to Mulhouse.

[edit]

The department has 34.8 km of navigable waterways.[10] The city of Nogent-sur-Seine has two river ports for grain.[17]

History

[edit]

Early history

[edit]

The first inhabitants of Aube were the Tricasses and Lingones with a substantial human settlement around the year 400 BC.

Saints Potentian and Savinian,[18] Greek priests from Samos, came to preach the gospel from the middle of the 3rd century. Saint Patroclus was one of the first martyrs of the new faith in the year 259. Shortly after Saint Jule and some notables of the city of Tricasses also suffered martyrdom. Nevertheless, as elsewhere, the Christian community became large enough to accommodate a bishop. Saint Amateur was the first in 340. In the year 286 the Bagaudae ravaged the land which forms Aube. Emperor Julian came to Troyes with his army and rescued it.

The territory making up Aube was first attached to France in 843, following the Treaty of Verdun.

The 12th century and the monasteries

[edit]
The Abbey of Clairvaux: today a prison

Two important monasteries were founded in the department: one at Clairvaux in 1114, created by Bernard of Clairvaux, the other was the Abbey of the Paraclete near Nogent-sur-Seine, by his illustrious rival, Pierre Abélard and of which Héloïse d'Argenteuil was the first abbess. Bernard of Clairvaux was noted for his eloquence at the Council of Troyes and his preaching of the Second Crusade which had no result and whose outcome was disastrous.

The reunion of Champagne with the kingdom of France was finalised in 1361. Yet people wanted absolutely the incorporation of Champagne but in 1328 King Philip VI gave the city of Bar-sur-Seine to Philippe de Croy. The inhabitants, however, ransomed him to return it to the king on the condition that it become inalienable.

Definitive reunion with Kingdom of France

[edit]

The decree of the National Assembly of 15 January 1790 formally established the department of Aube. Its first president was Augustin-Henri-Marie Picot[19] and his first deputy was Louis Antoine Joseph Robin. Jacques Claude Beugnot was elected attorney-general and also MP.[19]

After the victory of the allies in the battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815, the department was occupied by Russian troops from June 1815 to November 1818.

In 1911, following the revolt of the vineyards of Champagne, large riots broke out in the department.

In 1919, a decree allowed Aube department to produce champagne for the first time.[20]

In 1932, Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk visited Aube and signed a friendship treaty with France there on 4 July 1938.[21]

Heraldry

[edit]
Arms of Aube
Arms of Aube
 Blazon:

Azure, a band argent with two cotises potent and counter potent in Or, chief wavy in argent.



Politics and administration

[edit]

Departmental council

[edit]

The departmental council of Aube is located in Troyes. Its president is Philippe Pichery (Miscellaneous right). It includes the 34 councillors of the 17 cantons of Aube. Of these, 32 are from the Right (mainly the UMP), the others are from the Miscellaneous left.

Aube returns three Deputies to the National Assembly, two of whom are from The Republicans (LR), and two Senators: one UMP and one right-wing independent.

Presidential elections 2nd round

[edit]
Election Winning Candidate Party % 2nd Place Candidate Party %
2022 Emmanuel Macron LREM 48.32 Marine Le Pen RN 51.68
2017[22] Emmanuel Macron LREM 54.15 Marine Le Pen FN 45.85
2012 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 57.37 François Hollande PS 42.63
2007 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 61.70 Ségolène Royal PS 38.30
2002[22] Jacques Chirac RPR 76.87 Jean-Marie Le Pen FN 23.13
1995[23] Jacques Chirac RPR 55.30 Lionel Jospin PS 44.70

Current National Assembly Representatives

[edit]
Constituency Member[24] Party
Aube's 1st constituency Grégory Besson-Moreau La République En Marche!
Aube's 2nd constituency Valérie Bazin-Malgras The Republicans
Aube's 3rd constituency Angélique Ranc National Rally
Seats in the Departmental Council by Political Party
Party Abbrev. No. Members
Left Wing
Socialist Party PS 2
Communist Party PCF 2
Miscellaneous left DVG 1
Europe Ecology – The Greens EELV 1
Right Wing
Democratic Movement MoDem 1
New Centre NC 2
Miscellaneous right DVD 10
Union for a Popular Movement UMP 13
Independent
Independent SE 1
President of the General Council

Demography

[edit]

Aube is inhabited by 310,242 people with more than a third (137,500 inhabitants) living in the Troyes agglomeration (2019).[25]

Demographic change

[edit]

In 2017, the department had 310,020 inhabitants.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1793 228,885—    
1800 231,455+0.16%
1806 238,819+0.52%
1821 230,688−0.23%
1831 246,361+0.66%
1836 253,870+0.60%
1841 258,180+0.34%
1846 261,881+0.29%
1851 265,247+0.26%
1856 261,673−0.27%
1861 262,785+0.08%
1866 261,951−0.06%
1872 255,687−0.40%
1876 255,217−0.05%
1881 255,326+0.01%
1886 257,374+0.16%
1891 255,548−0.14%
1896 251,435−0.32%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901 246,163−0.42%
1906 243,670−0.20%
1911 241,036−0.22%
1921 227,839−0.56%
1926 238,253+0.90%
1931 242,596+0.36%
1936 239,563−0.25%
1946 235,237−0.18%
1954 240,797+0.29%
1962 255,099+0.72%
1968 270,325+0.97%
1975 284,823+0.75%
1982 289,300+0.22%
1990 289,207−0.00%
1999 292,131+0.11%
2007 300,840+0.37%
2012 305,606+0.31%
2017 310,020+0.29%
Source: SPLAF[26] and INSEE[27]

Distribution of age groups

[edit]

Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Aube Department in 2017

Aube
Age Range Men Women
0 to 14 Years 19.4 17.3
15 to 29 Years 17.9 16.2
30 to 44 Years 18.2 17.4
45 to 59 Years 19.9 19.2
60 to 74 Years 17.0 17.7
75 to 89 Years 7.0 10.3
90 Years+ 0.7 1.9

Source: INSEE[28]

Breakdown of population by socio-professional categories

[edit]
Population of 15 years or more by sex, age, and socio-professional category
socio-professionnel category 2017 2007 1999
Nb % Nb % Nb %
Total 253,551 246,346 236,393
Farmers and Farm workers 4,319 1.7 5,094 2.1 5,408 2.3
Artisans, shopkeepers, business managers 7,701 3.0 7,232 2.9 7,619 3.2
Executives and Intellectuals 13,896 5.5 12,656 5.1 9,435 4.0
Intermediate Professions 30,540 12.0 28,805 11.7 24,953 10.6
Employees 41,091 16.2 40,276 16.3 35,303 14.9
Workers 38,672 15.3 43,950 17.8 47,771 20.2
Retirees 75,918 29.9 68,138 27.7 58,706 24.8
Others without occupation 41,414 16.3 40,194 16.3 47,198 20.0
Source : INSEE Census 2017[29]

Economy

[edit]

General

[edit]

The economy of Aube has focused on the textile industry since the 19th century. This sector is now in crisis due to the department being in an area of real economic change.

In 2017, the departmental workforce totalled 137,774 with 114,530 persons in employment and 23,244 people unemployed. Men accounted for 51.4% of the active population and women 48.6%.[29]

The Aube department has a high rate of feminization in employment. Nearly half of people with active jobs (48.1% in 2017) are women. The main areas affected by the feminization are trade, transport, textiles, utilities, education, and health. Women are slightly more affected than men by unemployment (51.3% of the unemployed in 2017). This is mainly due to layoffs in the textile sector.

Employment by sector

[edit]

Distribution of Employment by Industry sector (2015)

  Agriculture Industry Construction Commerce[Note 2] Public Administration[Note 3]
Aube 3.4% 17.9% 6.7% 39.6% 32.4%
Source: INSEE[29]

Main economic sectors

[edit]

Industry

[edit]
Large Industrial Companies[10]
No. of Employees
Petit Bateau (Textiles) 1,022
Devanlay (Textiles) 1,018
Soufflet (Cereals) 874
Kléber (Pneumatics) 790
Vachette (Locks) 600
Mefro Roues (Wheel rims) 584
Valco (Furniture) 575
Petitjean (Public lighting) 567
Jacquot (Chocolate) 550

Tourism

[edit]
Accommodations[10]
No. Establishments
Hotels 66 1,991 rooms
Camping 23 1,618 places
Holiday Cottages 310 2,006 places

Agriculture

[edit]
Harvesting hemp at Saint-Flavy

The utilized agricultural area is 379,720 hectares. Aube is the largest producer of hemp; the 2nd largest producer of champagne, cabbage for sauerkraut, medicinal poppies, and alfalfa; the 6th largest producer of potatoes; the 8th largest producer of cereals; and the 9th largest producer of beet in France.[10]

Population and society

[edit]

Education

[edit]
An old school at Troyes

Primary and secondary

[edit]

In 2010 elementary and secondary education consisted of:

  • 11,568 students in kindergarten across 136 schools (including 1 private);[30]
  • 18,465 students in primary school across 255 schools (including 14 private);[30]
  • 12,311 students in college across 34 institutions (including 9 private);[31]
  • 5,199 students in schools of general education across 10 institutions (including 3 private);[31]
  • 2,666 students in vocational high school across 10 institutions (including 3 private).[31]

Higher education

[edit]

According to the latest census of the academic inspectorate of Aube in 2009 the department has 8,794 students in higher education.[10][Note 4]

List of Universities and Higher Educational Schools

Public Schools

Private Schools

  • Graduate School of Commerce in Troyes
  • Supinfo

Health

[edit]
List of Hospitals and Health Clinics[10]
Hospitals and Clinics
Type of Institution No. of Institutions
Hospital 4
Clinic 7
Children's Institutions
Type of Institution No. of Institutions
Child Protection 12
Handicapped Children's Centre 18
Institutions for Handicapped Adults
Type of Institution No. of Institutions
Institution to help for work 8
Businesses adapted for handicapped people 2
Professional rehabilitation Centres 1
Specialised Foster Homes 2
Accommodation Facilities 20
Residential Home Care for the autistic 2
Home Care 2
Institutions for the Elderly
Type of Institution No. of Institutions
Nursing Homes for the Elderly (EHPAD) 38
Home Housing 10
Long Term Care Units (USLD) 5
Group Homes 1
Home Care 7
Rural Homes for the Elderly 1

Sports

[edit]
The Aube Stadium is the residence of the ES Troyes AC football club.

There are 580 clubs and sports associations in the Aube department.[32] The main ones are:

  • ES Troyes AC: soccer club in the French Ligue 1;
  • ETAC Handball: Handball Club at National Level 3;
  • Union Sportive de Sainte Maure Troyes Handball: Women's handball club at National Level 1;
  • Pygargues of Troyes: american football club in Division 2;
  • PLAVB (Troyes): volleyball club at Regional one;
  • SUMA (Troyes): Motoball club of France (one of the most successful) moved to elite since the 1930s;
  • Troyes roller hockey: roller hockey club playing at National Level 2;
  • Espadons (Swordfish )(Troyes): baseball club playing at Regional Level 1;
  • Romilly Association for Sports 10: which includes multiple sections.

Media

[edit]

Radio

[edit]

At Troyes there are three independent local radio stations:

  • Radio Latitude: that broadcasts programming focused on the dance floor. This was the first local radio station in the department. It broadcasts from Troyes, Romilly-sur-Seine, and Vendeuvre-sur-Barse
  • Theme Radio: community radio broadcasting music and information flashes
  • Troyes Campus radio: rock music oriented radio and sometimes rap

At Romilly-sur-Seine, in addition to Latitude Radio, there is a local independent radio broadcaster: Radio Aube et Seine.

French Christian Radio (RCF) Aube is located in the department.

Television

[edit]
  • Canal 32: television network with a local Troyes and department station
  • France 3 Aube (France 3 Lorraine Champagne-Ardenne)

Daily newspapers

[edit]
Name Place Distribution Area Press Group Circulation[33]
L'Est-Éclair Saint-André-les-Vergers (agglomération de Troyes) Aube Groupe Hersant Média 27,948
Libération Champagne Troyes Aube Groupe Hersant Média 6,395

Justice

[edit]

All Aube jurisdictions are located in Troyes. The city has a Tribunal d'instance and a High Court, a commercial court and an Employment Tribunal for civil and criminal jurisdictions. There is also a Correctional court and a Juvenile court.

Appeals, however, are passed to the Court of Appeal in Reims.[34]

Waste management

[edit]

Aube currently has two storage facilities for radioactive waste:

  • Storage Centre for Very Low Activity Waste (CSTFA)
  • Storage Centre for Low and Medium Activity Waste (CSFMA)

Culture and heritage

[edit]

Cultural venues

[edit]

Theatres and concerts

[edit]
  • The Cube – in the Parc des Expositions in Troyes
  • Champagne Theatre
  • Théâtre of la Madeleine
  • Argence space

Cinemas

[edit]

The four main theatres are:

Cultural festivities

[edit]
  • Festival in Othe
  • Aube Templiers 2012 event

Gastronomy

[edit]
Andouillette from Troyes.

Monuments and tourist sites

[edit]
The castle of La Motte-Tilly

The Aube has 365 historical monuments of which 144 are classified, and 221 are enrolled.[35]

Castles

[edit]

Museums

[edit]
Hall in the style of Baltard d'Aix en Othe

[36]

Other historic sites

[edit]
The Hôtel de Ville in Troyes

Tourist places

[edit]

Notable people linked to the department

[edit]
Signature of Danton.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The complete list can be found at Water Courses of Aube (in French)
  2. ^ Including transport and services
  3. ^ Including education, health, and social workers
  4. ^ This figure does not take into account students from the National Conservatory of Music in Troyes

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 4 May 2022.
  2. ^ "Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  3. ^ a b Populations légales 2019: 10 Aube, INSEE
  4. ^ "Le nom des habitants des communes de France - Habitants". www.habitants.fr.
  5. ^ Denajar, Laurent (9 July 2017). Carte archéologique de la Gaule: 10. Aube. Les Editions de la MSH. ISBN 9782877540933.
  6. ^ Geographical Presentation of the Aube department Archived 5 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Aube prefecture website, consulted on 22 September 2010 (in French)
  7. ^ a b Readings from the Météo-France station at Barberey-Saint-Sulpice
  8. ^ Paris, Nice, Strasbourg, Brest
  9. ^ Data from the Station at Troyes from 1981 to 2010 (in French)
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Aube and its budget[permanent dead link‍], General Council of Aube, 2011, consulted on 14 May 2011 (in French)
  11. ^ "Résultats de recherche l-entreprise - TCAT". Archived from the original on 15 March 2015.
  12. ^ List of Networks in Aube department, Trans'bus, consulted on 20 September 2010 (in French)
  13. ^ "Implantations, Ets interurbains et Pôle Régional de Transdev Grand Est". www.transdev-grandest.fr.
  14. ^ Keolis Sud Lorraine (in French)
  15. ^ "ProCars Champagne - Partenaire de tous vos déplacements et voyages. - L'entreprise". www.procars-champagne.fr. Archived from the original on 11 November 2008.
  16. ^ "Autocars Bardy". Archived from the original on 23 June 2012.
  17. ^ The port of Aube at Nogent-sur-Seine, Aube Développement, consulted on 21 September 2010 (in French)
  18. ^ "Saint-Potentien and Saint-Savinien, first preachers of the Gospel in Gaul". Archived from the original on 8 February 2008.
  19. ^ a b Genealogical and Heraldic History of the peers of France, Volume 8, Jean Baptiste Pierre Jullien de Courcelles, 1827 (in French)
  20. ^ Regions-Tourism-Arkantz, 2007, consulted on 19 September 2010 (in French)
  21. ^ Foreign Policy Of Atatürk
  22. ^ a b "Présidentielles".
  23. ^ "Résultats de l'élection présidentielle de 1995 par département - Politiquemania".
  24. ^ Nationale, Assemblée. "Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français". Assemblée nationale.
  25. ^ "Comparateur de territoire − Unité urbaine 2020 de Troyes (10601), Département de l'Aube (10)". INSEE. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  26. ^ Historique de l'Aube, SPLAF
  27. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
  28. ^ "Évolution et structure de la population en 2017 − Recensement de la population – Résultats pour toutes les communes, départements, régions, intercommunalités... | Insee". www.insee.fr.
  29. ^ a b c Dossier complet: Département de l'Aube (10), INSEE. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  30. ^ a b The first degree in Aube[permanent dead link‍], rectory of the Academy of Reims, consulted on 27 October 2010 (in French)
  31. ^ a b c The second degree in Aube[permanent dead link‍], rectory of the Academy of Reims, consulted on 27 October 2010 (in French)
  32. ^ Lists of associations, Departmental Directorate of Youth and Sports in Aube Archived 18 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine, consulted on 23 September 2010 m (in French)
  33. ^ Circulation is weekly in 2008, OJD Archived 10 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ Competent Jurisdictions for the commune of Troyes, consulted on 2 July 2010 (in French)
  35. ^ Heritage and Architecture – Figures for 2012 Archived 16 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Ministry of Culture and Communication, consulted on 7 June 2012 (in French)
  36. ^ Champagne, Office du Tourisme de l'Aube en. "Vacances et tourisme dans l'Aube en Champagne". Aube Champagne. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aube.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Aube".
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