1251
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1251 by topic |
|---|
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1251 in poetry |
| Gregorian calendar | 1251 MCCLI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2004 |
| Armenian calendar | 700 ԹՎ Չ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6001 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1172–1173 |
| Bengali calendar | 658 |
| Berber calendar | 2201 |
| English Regnal year | 35 Hen. 3 – 36 Hen. 3 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1795 |
| Burmese calendar | 613 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6759–6760 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚戌年 (Metal Dog) 3948 or 3741 — to — 辛亥年 (Metal Pig) 3949 or 3742 |
| Coptic calendar | 967–968 |
| Discordian calendar | 2417 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1243–1244 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5011–5012 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1307–1308 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1172–1173 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4351–4352 |
| Holocene calendar | 11251 |
| Igbo calendar | 251–252 |
| Iranian calendar | 629–630 |
| Islamic calendar | 648–649 |
| Japanese calendar | Kenchō 3 (建長３年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1160–1161 |
| Julian calendar | 1251 MCCLI |
| Korean calendar | 3584 |
| Minguo calendar | 661 before ROC 民前661年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −217 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1793–1794 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳金狗年 (male Iron-Dog) 1377 or 996 or 224 — to — 阴金猪年 (female Iron-Pig) 1378 or 997 or 225 |
Year 1251 (MCCLI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
[edit]By place
[edit]Europe
[edit]- April – The first Shepherds' Crusade, a domestic French uprising in response to events in Egypt during the Seventh Crusade, occurs.[1][2]
- May – English governor Simon de Montfort suppresses a revolt in Gascony.[3]
- December 26 – King Alexander III of Scotland marries Margaret, daughter of King Henry III of England, precipitating a power struggle between the two monarchs.[4][5]
- Andrew de Longjumeau, dispatched two years earlier by King Louis IX of France as an ambassador to the Mongols, meets the king in Palestine, with reports from the Mongols and Tartary; his mission is considered a failure.[6][7]
- Mindaugas of Lithuania is baptized, in prelude to his crowning as King of Lithuania in 1253.[8]
- Alexander Nevsky signs the first peace treaty between Kievan Rus' and Norway.[9][10][11]
- King Conrad IV of Germany invades Italy, but fails to subdue the supporters of Pope Innocent IV.[12][13]
- Ottokar II of Bohemia, later to become King of Bohemia, is elected Duke of Austria.[14][15]
- The earliest known manuscript of The Proverbs of Alfred, a collection of sayings of England's Alfred the Great, is written.[16]
Asia
[edit]- April 21 – City of Launggyet in Arakan (modern-day Burma) is founded according to some sources.[17]
- July 1 – Möngke Khan is elected as the fourth great Khan of the Mongol Empire.[18][19]
- The carving of the Tripitaka Koreana, a collection of Buddhist scriptures recorded on some 81,000 wooden blocks, is completed.[20][21]
Births
[edit]- June 5 – Hōjō Tokimune, 8th regent of the Kamakura shogunate (d. 1284)[22][23]
- September 2 – Francis of Fabriano, Italian writer (d. 1322)[24]
- November 1 – Leopold III, Duke of Austria (d. 1386)[25]
- Adelaide, Countess of Auxerre, French countess (d. 1290)[26]
Deaths
[edit]- January – Bohemund V of Antioch[27][28]
- February 9 – Matthias II, Duke of Lorraine[29]
- March 6 – Rose of Viterbo, Italian saint (b. 1235)[30][31]
- March 31 – William of Modena, Bishop of Modena[32][33]
- June 6 – William III of Dampierre, Count of Flanders[34][35]
- date unknown
- Winter 1251–52 – Eljigidei, Mongol commander of Persia, killed[36][37]
- Isobel of Huntingdon, Scots noblewoman (b. 1199)[38]
- Oghul Qaimish, 3rd regent of the Mongol Empire, following her husband's death[39][40]
References
[edit]- ^ Dickson, Gary (2015). Murray, Alan V. (ed.). The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. pp. 217–218. ISBN 9781610697804.
- ^ Buc, Philippe (2015). Holy War, Martyrdom, and Terror: Christianity, Violence, and the West. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 172. ISBN 9780812290974.
- ^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 141–144. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ^ Weiler, Björn K. U. (2006). Henry III of England and the Staufen Empire, 1216-1272. Woodbridge, UK and Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer. p. 142. ISBN 9780861932801.
- ^ Toplis, William (1814). A Genealogical History of the English Sovereigns, from William I. to George III. inclusive, accompanied with A brief Statement of the principal Events in each Reign; Biographical notices of all the noble families connected with the royal houses; and illustrated by genealogical tables. London: Thomas Underwood. p. 16.
- ^ Aigle, Denise (2014). The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 47. ISBN 9789004280649.
- ^ Marshall, Robert (1993). Storm from the East: From Genghis Khan to Khubilai Khan. Berkeley, CA and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. pp. 161–162. ISBN 9780520083004.
- ^ Janonienė, Rūta; Račiūnaitė, Tojana; Iršėnas, Marius; Butrimas, Adomas (2015). The Lithuanian Millennium: History, Art and Culture. Vilnius, Lithuania: Vilnius Academy of Arts Press. p. 48. ISBN 9786094470974.
- ^ Nansen, Fridtjof (2014) [1911]. In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times. Vol. 2. Translated by Arthur G. Chater. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 141. ISBN 9781108071697.
- ^ Khodakovsky, Evgeny; Lexau, Siri Skjold (2017). Architectural Conservation and Restoration in Norway and Russia. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 9781351995658.
- ^ Pavloskaya, Anna (2011). CultureShock! Russia: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish International Asia. p. 86. ISBN 9789814435574.
- ^ Sodders, Daniel R. (2004). Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Routledge. p. 247. ISBN 9781135948801.
- ^ Middleton, John (2015). World Monarchies and Dynasties. New York and London: Routledge. p. 403. ISBN 9781317451587.
- ^ Teich, Mikulas (1998). Bohemia in History. Cambridge, New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780521431552.
- ^ Mahoney, William (2011). The History of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 46. ISBN 9780313363061.
- ^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2010). Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire. Facts on File Library of World Literature. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9781438119069.
- ^ Rakhine Razawin Thit.
- ^ De Nicola, Bruno (2016). "The Economic Role of Mongol Women: Continuity and Transformation from Mongolia to Iran". In De Nicola, Bruno; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 89. ISBN 9789004314726.
- ^ Overy, R. J. (2014). A History of War in 100 Battles. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 144. ISBN 9780199390717.
- ^ Kang, Chae-ŏn; Kang, Jae-eun (2006). The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Paramus, NJ: Homa & Sekey Books. p. 139. ISBN 9781931907378.
- ^ Jong-myung, Kim (2013). "The Tripitạka Koreana: Its Computerization and Significance for the Cultural Sciences in a Modern Globalized World". In Lewis, James B.; Sesay, Amadu (eds.). Korea and Globalization: Politics, Economics and Culture. New York and London: Routledge. p. 157. ISBN 9781136859786.
- ^ Perez, Louis G. (2013). Japan at War: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 129. ISBN 9781598847413.
- ^ Morrell, Sachiko Kaneko; Morrell, Robert E. (2012). Zen Sanctuary of Purple Robes: Japan's Tokeiji Convent Since 1285. State University of New York Press. p. xi. ISBN 9780791481448.
- ^ Calloway, Donald H. (2016). Champions of the Rosary: The History and Heroes of a Spiritual Weapon. Stockbridge, MA: Marian Press. ISBN 9781596143937.
- ^ Alfons Huber (1883), "Leopold III., Herzog von Oesterreich, Steiermark und Kärnthen", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 18, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 392–395
- ^ Saunier-Seïté, Alice (1998). Les Courtenay: Destin d'une illustre famille bourguignonne. éditions France-Empire. ISBN 2-7048-0845-7.
- ^ Porteous, John (1989). "Crusader Coinage with Greek and Latin Inscriptions". In Setton, Kenneth Meyer; Hazard, Harry W.; Zacour, Norman P. (eds.). A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. Vol. VI: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 404. ISBN 9780299107444.
- ^ Wise, Leonard F.; Hansen, Mark Hillary; Egan, E. W. (2005) [1967]. Kings, Rulers, and Statesmen. New York: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 19. ISBN 9781402725920.
- ^ Wispelwey, Berend (2008). Biographical Index of the Middle Ages. Munich, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. p. 762. ISBN 9783110914160.
- ^ Pryds, Darleen (2012). "Franciscan Lay Women and the Charism to Preach". In Johnson, Timothy (ed.). Franciscans and Preaching: Every Miracle from the Beginning of the World Came about Through Words. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. pp. 45–46. ISBN 9789004231290.
- ^ Vauchez, Andri (2005) [1988]. Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 376. ISBN 9780521619813.
- ^ Fischer, Dr Mary (2013). The Chronicle of Prussia by Nicolaus von Jeroschin: A History of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia, 1190–1331. Crusade Texts in Translation. Vol. 20. Surrey, UK and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 91. ISBN 9781409481942.
- ^ Brundage, James A. (2016). "Introduction: Henry of Livonia, The Writer and his Chronicle". In Tamm, Marek; Kaljundi, Linda; Jensen, Carsten Selch (eds.). Crusading and Chronicle Writing on the Medieval Baltic Frontier: A Companion to the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia. New York and London: Routledge. p. 7. ISBN 9781317156796.
- ^ Nicholas, Karen (1993). "Women as Rulers: countesses Jeanne and Marguerite of Flanders". In Vann, Theresa M. (ed.). Queens, Regents and Potentates. Cambridge and Dallas, TX: Boydell & Brewer. p. 85. ISBN 9780851156491.
- ^ Nicholas, David M. (2014). Medieval Flanders. Nee York and London: Routledge. p. 157. ISBN 9781317901556.
- ^ Korobeinikov, Dimitri (2014). Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 183. ISBN 9780191017940.
- ^ Baumer, Christoph (2016). The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols. London and New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 205. ISBN 9781838609405.
- ^ Colcock, Charles Jones (1959). Family of Hay. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing. p. 186. ISBN 9781455604050.
- ^ Hamil, Donna (2016). May, Timothy (ed.). The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. I. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. pp. 169–170. ISBN 9781610693400.
- ^ Nicola, Bruno De (2017). Women in Mongol Iran: The Khatuns, 1206-1335. Edinburgh and Stockport: Edinburgh University Press. p. 76. ISBN 9781474415484.