Talk:Crookes radiometer

Capacitance Model

I barely understand the science behind this at all, but I just watched this video, and my (extremely limited) knowledge of electricity tells me that this idea has at least some merit: [[1]]

The guy in the video seems quite sure of his own ideas, to the point of bragging that he found the answer that all other scientists missed, even insulting Einstein along the way, so I'm really not sure how to take this guy, at least on a personal level. But does his theory have any merit? Is this idea worth including in the article? Can someone with a far better background in science than myself decide whether this one random guy's theory should be added here? OwlParty (talk) 10:47, 15 March 2018 (UTC)

Untitled section

The research at Berkeley on a nano light mill is more appropriate under the Nichols radiometer. Recommend move the nano light mill entry to the Nichols radiometer page. Berkeleybill (talk) 22:22, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

To make a long story short. Basicaly the heat on the black side of the little turning things atracts the special gas in the bulb. The gas then gains energy on the hot side, more then the mirror side. Then the pressure on that side presses it round. The "actual explanation" given is the one given in Britannica and is itself wrong. In fact, it has always been wrong. Crookes said it was radiation pressure. Maxwell was pleased that it demonstrated a prediction of his theory of electromagnatism. Maxwell was embarassed to discover the explanation was incorrect. The theory given here was put forward, and, wary of making another mistake Maxwell checked it and found it to be incorrect also. This is easy to see: Imagine the glass to be shrunk so that it is only just big enough to allow the vanes to move, with no gap between vanes and glass (and a frictionless surface). Hold the vanes from moving. Shine light on the vanes. Hotter at black side, cooler on white side. Pressure equalises between the vanes (or the gas would move). After allowing the device to reach equilibrium there is no overall force. Let go: nothing happens. The correct solution was discovered by Osbourne Reynolds and is called thermal transpiration and is due to assymetric effects as molecules bounce off the *edge* of the vanes in the presence of the temperature gradient. This effect could be tested by cutting holes in the vanes. According to the incorrect theory, this should produce less heating and less rotation, thermal transpiration says it will increase the rotation. s

Added the explaination that I found in the books listed on the page. Hopefully it makes sense. Both books give a long and involved proof of the effect, but I tried to simplify the general idea. The only problem with the simplification is that it kind of ignores comparing the number of gas molecules hitting the surface. Jrincayc 14:07, 5 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Removed Text

The actual explanation has to do with temperature differentials between the two sides of the vanes. The blackened side, absorbing radiation, is slightly hotter than the silvered side.

The reason for the motion of the radiometer was determined by James Clerk Maxwell and Osborne Reynolds in the later portions of the 1800s. The effect occurs at the edges of the vanes. On the hot side, the gas molecules are moving with higher average speed than the gases on the cold side. When the hot molecules hit the edge of the vane, on average they will produce a force on the vane that is towards the cool side. When the cool molecules that are passing in the other direction hit the vane, they will on average produce a force that is towards the hot side. Since the average speed of the hot molecules is greater than the average speed of the cold molecules, there will be a force on the vane towards the cool side. See the diagram below for an illustration of the effect.

This effect, called thermal transpiration, gives the vanes their force away from the hot side and thus is the cause of the motion of the radiometer.

This text was removed by 69.157.79.102. Jrincayc 13:08, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Reynolds' force must be the stronger.

Whether the "bumps in the surface" provide the proper explanation isn't clear to me. However, the article concludes that it isn't clear whether the Einstein effect or the Reynolds' force is the stronger, whereas the external link to the explanation by Phillip Gibbs claims that the explanation by Reynolds is the correct one. The reference to Einstein must be to the photoelectric effect. This must be smaller, I think, since otherwise the radiometer would not reverse direction upon cooling. Only problem is that the explanation by Gibbs is still confusing (at least to this reader) about how the edge effect attributed to Reynolds and Maxwell actually works. (Comment by PhysicsObserver, 5 June 2005)

Practical Application

Has any means of extracting power from this device ever been found? Has the design of the vanes ever been optimised to give the greatest effect? Surely this would then give information on which effect is the primary one driving the device. If the edge effect is dominant then a vane paddle that maximises the length of the edge by making it convoluted would increase the efficiency of the machine. Whilst a design which minimised the edge length ( a circle) would minimise it. Lumos3 13:09, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I second this request for clarification. Does the machine become more efficient with a more convoluted edge? Is their an optimal ratio or shape? Does the face need enough spatial extent to heat the rarefied gas, at which point it can start exerting force on the edge? What if the faces were porous? What is the optimal gas pressure inside the bulb? and how does it relate to the other parameters like the size of the faces?

dissatisfied with explanation and want reverse during cooling explained

I find it difficult to believe we have to refer to "bumps" to provide an explanation. Where's a reference to an article that shows a different texture of surface provides a faster or slower spin? The article should mention that a temp difference is needed for any engine to turn. The end of the current article is wrong because it says the dark side has the lower pressure which would turn it in the wrong direction. Obviously, there's more pressure of some sort on the black side. Section 3 discounts the higher velocity of molecules that have touched the black side, but I believe the effects "explained" in section 4 could not occur without this.

As the article says, cooling it makes it go in the opposite direction (when there's no light turning it from an external light source). I applied ice to check mine, and yes it went backwards. How does the current explanation explain that? My only explanation is that without a light source, black body radiation is making the black side cooler than the white side, so it turns backwards. Black body radiation is after all the reverse of black body absorption. But in order for this to work, the surrounding partial vacuum needs to be cooler than the vanes. So, you have to continually lower the surrounding temp in order to extract the remaining heat energy out of the vanes. Engines require a difference in temp. So the white vanes in this reverse situation are doing the same as the black vanes in the forward situation simply because the black side is cooler (when ice is applied to the external glass). So the key ingriedents for turning appear to be simply two things: 1) temperature difference between the opposite sides of each vane, and 2) that the hotter side be hotter than ambient temperature (so that it can impart more thermal energy to the surrounding molecules than they already have from ambient temp).

Similarly, the lighted situation makes it turn only as long as there is a net outflow of heat, otherwise temperature equalibrium would be reached and the engine would not turn. Heat escaping slows the molecules down relative to the hotter side of the vanes.

I wonder if a mirrored surface would work better than white.

Likewise, I wonder if insulated vanes work better than metal vanes so as to keep the white and black sides temperature difference greater. That's good thinking that one side needs to be warmer than the ambient molecuales in both forward and reverse. Ywaz (talk) 18:02, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

"Reverse during cooling" is only temporary, being a disequilibrium condition. If you can demonstrate reverse rotation maintained indefinitely that would be a new result. A radiometer in sunlight will spin forwards the whole day, one in the freezer will stop spinning backwards after a few minutes. Vaughan Pratt (talk) 05:19, 30 November 2014 (UTC)

electrons

So it has nothing to do with thermionic emission or the photoelectric effect? — Omegatron 20:34, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

redid Reynolds force based on "How does a light-mill work?" ref

As previous discussion remarked, our previous explanation of the Reynolds force had the radiometer spinning in the wrong direction. I rewrote it not from any expertise, just my summary of the "How does a light-mill work?" FAQ we refer to.

Deleted text follows. If the business about microscopic bumps is valid and should be re-introduced while still having the thing spinning the right way round, please do.

In addition to the temperature differential at the edges that Einstein considered, there is an additional factor due to how the gas interacts with the surface. Reynolds original work was on how a porous plate could be used to pump gas by heating one side and cooling the other. Reynolds found that the fast moving molecules could more easily move through a pore in a plate, or more easily move over a surface. Maxwell showed how this would cause an air current within a Crookes radiometer. On the black side, the slower moving molecules at the edges get caught in the microscopic bumps on the surface, while the faster moving molecules in the center can skip over the bumps. This causes a slight outward air flow, and creates a lower pressure in the center of the black face. Similarly on the white face, there is a slight inward air flow and a corresponding higher pressure.

One question comes up when you read my new text: essentially, why doesn't the gas momentum towards the black side collide head-on with the next vane, and stop it? My guess at the answer is that some of the momentum goes into the shell of the radiometer. I don't remember whether I actually read this anywhere, though, so am reluctant to put it in.

Eub 08:40, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Strange Behavior

Moved this here as its more of a question than an encyclopedia entry. Lumos3 18:16, 9 October 2006 (UTC))

"When a radiometer is placed near a microwave radiation source, such as inside a household microwave oven, eratic behavior can be observed, such as the reverse motion of vanes and plasma inside the vacuum chamber." (Needs verification and explanation Lumos3)

"Reverse motion of vanes can also be induced by extracting heat from the device by pouring ice water over the radiometer." ( Already in article with explanation Lumos3)

I too would like some confirmation of these effects. Who originally wrote these passages? John Baez (talk) 15:48, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

For adding citations

This paragraph is from List of common misconceptions, and is more fully cited than this article:

• Several incorrect explanations have been circulated for what causes a Crookes radiometer (pictured) to turn. The earliest incorrect explanation – that its motion is caused by radiation pressure – was posited by its inventor, Sir William Crookes. A common subsequent explanation, still offered by references such as Encyclopaedia Britannica, is that its motion is caused by expansion of gas near the black side of the vanes, due to its absorbing more radiation and passing on that heat to gas molecules that strike it. This explanation only explains a part of the force exerted on the radiometer. A fuller explanation includes the effect of thermal creep – the tendency of a gas to flow from hot to cold areas (in this case, around the edges of the vanes).

It may be useful for future improvements to this article.--Father Goose (talk) 07:36, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Question; can anyone give me the answer?

Will the black absorb more, at the same ratio/amounts, for other waves (radio, microwave, infrared, X-ray, gamma, etc.)? Steeldragon7 (talk) 00:28, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

Depends very much on the black coating. But since most of the radiation customarily used to drive the radiometer is visible and near-infrared, one could presumably vary the absorptivity of the coating at other frequencies over the entire range from 0 to 1 with its operation showing negligible variation, which however could be non-negligible with sufficient irradiation outside those frequencies. Vaughan Pratt (talk) 19:59, 29 November 2014 (UTC)

Unsourced section

The section #Thermodynamic explanation is completely unsourced. Some parts are sufficiently obvious as to not need sourcing. However whether the device's action is that of a heat engine (a substantive claim that if true would have nontrivial quantitative implications), or the white sides are warmer than the internal air (neither obvious nor obviously relevant), or the two sides of a vane need to be at different temperatures (as distinct from exchanging heat with their respective environments at different rates), or the white paint needs to be a thermal insulator (why wouldn't merely blocking thermal radiation suffice, i.e. unit albedo?), are all unsupported by anything in the literature that I'm aware of. Vaughan Pratt (talk) 19:35, 29 November 2014 (UTC)

Absent any comments on this I propose to drastically curtail this section to what has RS. Vaughan Pratt (talk) 18:24, 11 September 2018 (UTC)

All-Black Mill

"The gas movement causes the light mill to rotate with the concave side moving forward, due to Newton's Third Law." -- Really? The explanation sounds to me much more as if it had something to do with Bernoulli's Law. --BjKa (talk) 12:34, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

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Longevity

Mention if after spinning for years, the needle ever finally bores a hole in the glass perched on top of it. Jidanni (talk) 03:01, 13 February 2021 (UTC)

Loud music,

I have discovered that this thing spins faster than the lighter makes it spin , I have a loud speaker system, and at high volume this thing spontaneously started spinning, then i put it directly in front of the speakers and it spins very quickly, is this new? Also put it in front of the operating microwave oven makes it spin 174.247.208.97 (talk) 14:56, 11 December 2022 (UTC)

Another Theory

This is an amazing, seemingly simple device which seems we can't really explain. Another explanation is from Jerry Z. Liu of Stanford. A link to his paper, (Not sure of the publication date),

https://cs.stanford.edu/people/zjl/pdf/mill0.pdf LostInSpace2020 (talk) 22:48, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

I have been studying Dr. Liu's most recent version of this paper (https://cs.stanford.edu/people/zjl/pdf/mill3.pdf) and it seems he addresses many of the issues that other theories fail on. For example, how the mill begins to turn immediately, which if it was up to heating up, would take time. His paper also explains both low and high speed operations and why the low speed is not sustainable. This really should be added to the page by someone qualified to do so and with the appropriate diagrams. 2001:FB1:C1:C6C1:8611:B130:B0A5:1D3 (talk) 06:27, 27 March 2024 (UTC)