Jump to content

IRIS-T

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Rb-98" redirects here. For the isotope of rubidium (Rb-98 or 98Rb), see Rubidium-98.

IRIS-T
Mockup of the IRIS-T
Type
Place of originGermany, Italy, Sweden, Greece, Norway, Spain
Service history
In serviceDecember 2005
Used bySee operators
WarsRusso-Ukrainian War
Production history
ManufacturerDiehl Defence, Avio S.p.A., Litton Italia, Leonardo S.p.A., Saab AB, GPCC, Nammo[1]
Unit cost€140 million (complete IRIS-T SLM battery, FY 2022)[2]
€400,000[3][4] (~US$473080) for an AAM
€564,608[5] (~US$632,064) for an IRIS-T SL missile
No. built> 5,000 missiles (as of December 2023) [6]
Specifications
Mass87.4 kg (193 lb)
Length2.94 m (9.6 ft)[7]
DiameterAAM: 127 mm (5.0 in)
IRIS-T SL: 152 mm (6.0 in)
Wingspan447 mm (17.6 in)
WarheadHE/fragmentation
Warhead weight11.4 kg (25 lb)[8]
Detonation
mechanism
Impact and active radar proximity fuse
EngineSolid-fuel rocket
PropellantHTPB[9]
Operational
range
  • AAM: 25 km (16 mi)[7]
  • SLS: 12 km (7.5 mi)[10]
  • SLM: 40 km (25 mi)[11]
  • SLX: 80 km (50 mi)[12]
  • HYDEF: 100 km (62 mi)[13]
Flight ceiling
  • SLS: 8 km (5.0 mi)[10]
  • SLM: 20 km (12 mi)[11]
  • SLX: 30 km (19 mi)[12]
  • HYDEF: 50 km (31 mi)[13]
Flight altitudeSea level to 20,000 m (66,000 ft)
Maximum speed AAM: Mach 3
SLS: Mach 2[14]
Guidance
system
Infrared homing
SLX: combined radar and infrared guidance[15]
Steering
system
4 exhaust vanes and 4 tail wings[1]
Launch
platform
Air-to-air:
EF-18, F-4 AUP, F-5 Super Tigris, F-16, Gripen, M-346, Tornado, Typhoon, KAI KF-21 Boramae
Ground-to-air:
IRIS-T SLS, IRIS-T SLM, IRIS-T SLX, NASAMS-3

The IRIS-T (infrared imaging system tail/thrust vector-controlled) is a family of short range infrared homing air-to-air and short to medium range surface-to-air missiles. It also is called AIM-2000.[16][17]

The missile was developed in the late 1990s–early 2000s by a German-led program to produce a short to medium range infrared homing air-to-air missile to replace the AIM-9 Sidewinder in use by some NATO member countries at the time. A goal of the program was for any aircraft capable of firing the Sidewinder to also be capable of launching the IRIS-T.[18] The air-to-air variant was fielded in 2005.

Surface-to-air defence systems variants came later, with the short-range IRIS-T SLS fielded in 2015, and the medium-range IRIS-T SLM fielded in 2022. One IRIS-T SLM battery, as supplied by Germany to Ukraine, consists of three truck-mounted launchers, carrying eight missiles each (with a range of 40 kilometres or 25 miles), and a separate command vehicle that can be positioned up to 20 kilometres (12 mi) away. The command vehicle integrates multiple radar sources, and is able to launch and track all 24 missiles simultaneously. The IRIS-T SLM can counter surface-to-air missiles and cruise missiles, including low-flying, stealthy missiles such as the Kalibr.[19]

History

[edit]

Background

[edit]

In August 1980, the USA, the UK, Germany and France signed a MoU which aimed to develop two types of AAMs to replace existing ones. The USA developed Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM) to replace AIM-7 Sparrow, while the Europe team developed Advanced Short-Range Air-to-Air Missile (ASRAAM) to replace AIM-9 Sidewinder. This work was dusted off for the UK–German effort,[20] with the Germans providing a new seeker, and the UK providing most of the remaining components.

In 1987, after years of silence on the program, the US proposed a requirement that the weapon must use Sidewinder rails rather than the universal aircraft rail adaptor named the "missile support unit" that had been developed. This delayed the project by one year as the British, German and Norwegian proposals were redesigned. Fearing erosion of its industrial base, the US proposed it would choose the latest version of its existing Sidewinder design with increased manoeuvrability and IRCCM unless the European partners increased the US industrial workshare,[21] designated AIM-9X.[22] However, the Sidewinder upgrade proposal failed to interest NATO buyers.

After German reunification in 1990, Germany found itself with large stockpiles of the Soviet Vympel R-73 missiles (NATO reporting name: AA-11 Archer) carried by the MiG-29 Fulcrum and concluded that the AA-11's capabilities had been noticeably underestimated.[23] It was one of the earliest 4th generation WVRAAM which were more capable in dogfight than the former 3rd generation ones.[8][24][25] In 1990, Germany withdrew from the ASRAAM project, while the UK resolved to find another seeker and develop ASRAAM according to the original range requirement.[26] In 1992, the missile development programme ultimately separated with the UK the ASRAAM, France the MBDA MICA, US the AIM-9X and Germany electing to restart development on what became the IRIS-T.

Development

[edit]

In 1995, Germany announced the start of the IRIS-T development, in collaboration with Greece, Italy, Norway, Sweden and Canada. In 1997, Germany had invested more than 500 million DM in this project and held a 46% share. In addition, Italy accounted for 20%, Sweden 18%, Greece 8%, Canada 4% and Norway 3%.[27] Canada later dropped out, while Spain joined as a procurement partner in 2003.[28] The German Air Force took first delivery of the missile in December 2005.[29]

NAMMO Raufoss supplies the rocket engine with its TVC (thrust vector control) for both the IRIS-T air-to-air missile and the SL variants.[30][31]

Missile characteristics

[edit]

In comparison to the AIM-9M Sidewinder, the IRIS-T has higher ECM resistance and flare suppression.[32] Improvements in target discrimination allow for five to eight times longer head-on firing range than the AIM-9L[33] and three to four times longer target acquiring range than the AIM-9M.[34] Its seeker can receive cues from radar, helmet mounted display, infrared search and track device, missile approach warner and data link.[35] It can engage targets behind the launching aircraft, made possible by extreme close-in agility, allowing turns of 60 g at a rate of 60°/s via thrust vectoring and LOAL capability.[7][36]

The IRIS-T belongs to 5th generation IR-guided missiles which introduce infrared imaging seeker.[37] Compared to the other 5th generation IR-guided missiles, such as AIM-9X, ASRAAM which use staring array,[38] the IRIS-T uses an InSb[39] two-colour seeker based around a 128x2 linear array and a scanning mirror which builds an image from a row of detector elements and scans rapidly across the target. It would produce a 128x128 size image 80 times per second.[38][40] Each of the elements has a resolution in milliradians.[34] It was regarded to have good resistance against DIRCM.[41][42] Bodenseewerk Gerätetechnik GmbH (BGT) claimed that scanning arrays were less susceptible than staring arrays as the former receive the DIRCM energy for fractions of a second whereas the latter receive it continuously.[38]

The IRIS-T is able to intercept fast-moving and miniature targets, such as air-to-air/surface-to-air missiles and air-to-surface/surface-to-surface missiles and rockets, UAV/drones, and cruise missiles. To improve the probability of a direct hit, the missile is equipped with a Ku band[38] active radar proximity fuze.[42]

The IRIS-T has the unique ability, in comparison to other similar missiles such as the AIM-9X, to target and shoot down other air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles, thus offering a 360° defence capability.[7][35] Surface launched variants of the IRIS-T, the IRIS-T SLS and IRIS-T SLM, have enhanced capabilities to destroy aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles, air-to-surface missiles, anti-ship missiles, anti-radar rockets and large-calibre rockets. They have a high probability of a killing shot against UAVs and other small manoeuvring threats at very-short and medium-range distances.[43]

The Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNoAF) has tested a new air-to-surface capability developed by Diehl BGT Defence for the IRIS-T. A proof of concept test firing to acquire, track, and engage a target representing a small fast attack boat was conducted in Norway in September 2016, where the IRIS-T missile was launched from an RNoAF F-16AM multirole aircraft. For the air-to-surface role, the missile retains the same standard IRIS-T AAM hardware configuration, including the HE warhead and IIR guidance package, with only an updated software insertion required to deliver the additional ground attack capability.[44] This basic air-to-ground capability provides the ability to acquire, track and engage individual ground targets like boats, ships, small buildings and vehicles.[45]

  • Subassemblies of the IRIS-T
    Subassemblies of the IRIS-T
  • German Air Force airmen mount an IRIS-T to a Eurofighter
    German Air Force airmen mount an IRIS-T to a Eurofighter
  • Movement of the seeker head
  • IRIS-T AAM with visible exhaust vanes and a mockup of IRIS-T FCAAM below
    IRIS-T AAM with visible exhaust vanes and a mockup of IRIS-T FCAAM below

Variants

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to IRIS-T SAM.

Operational

[edit]

By June 2024, three variants were available: The initial IRIS-T air to air missile with 25 km range, IRIS-T SLS (short range) with 12 km range and 8 km altitude and IRIS-T SLM (medium range) with 40 km range and 20 km maximum altitude.[11][12] A third variant, IRIS-T SLX (long range) variant with a dual-mode (IR and RF) seeker, a range of 80 km and a maximum altitude of 30 km, is in development as of June 2024.[46]

Due to increased demand due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Diehl Defence is increasing production of IRIS-T systems and missiles. It plans to produce three to four systems in 2024 and at least eight in 2025, with missile production planned to grow to around 400 to 500 per year starting in 2024.[47]

IRIS-T air-to-air missile

[edit]

It is the initial variant of the IRIS-T missile.

IRIS-T SLS

[edit]
A Bv 410 with Giraffe 1X radar and Diehl ML-98 IRIS-T SLS launcher on ILA 2018

IRIS-T SLS (Surface Launched Standard)[48][49] is the air defence system which uses the IRIS-T AAM with few software modifications.[42][50] However, its operational range is reduced from 25 km to 12 km, as has the ceiling from 8 to 6 km.[10][49] It has a maximum speed of Mach 2 and average speed of 400 m/s,[14] and it cannot attack targets that are closer than 1 km.[9] In 2018, Diehl Defence demonstrated a Bv 410-based IRIS-T SLS system integrated with a Saab Giraffe 1X radar during the ILA.

In 2019, the Swedish Army fielded a ground launched version of the IRIS-T SLS, designated Luftvärnsrobotsystem 98 (lvrbs 98), to replace the RBS 70 missile system. Four missiles are carried on Eldenhet 98 (elde 98) launcher, a special version of a Bv 410 tracked, armored vehicle. Compared to the one demonstrated on the ILA 2018, there was no radar on the Swedish Eldenhet 98.[51][52] Instead, the Swedish Army used the Underrättelseenhet 23 radar truck as its radar unit.[50]

The Norwegian Army ordered the "mobile ground based air defence system", based on NASAMS command and control solutions, in a direct acquisition with Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace.[53] The system will integrate tracked IRIS-T SLS launchers from Diehl Defence GmbH with High Mobility Launchers for AIM-120 and AIM-9X missiles and radars from Weibel Scientific; initial delivery is planned for 2023 and will include six modified M113 vehicles carrying IRIS-T SLS missiles, while additional launchers will be based on the ACSV.[54]

In 2022, Diehl Defence showed a new air defense system called IRIS-T SLS Mk. III at the Eurosatory. It was a modified Mowag Eagle 6×6 armored vehicle integrated with IRIS-T SLS launcher, Hensoldt Spexer 2000 3D AESA, and a .50 machine gun in the remote controlled weapon station. Its STANAG 4569 protection was level 1, and it could be upgraded to level 3 by adding armor kit.[10] This vehicle had integrated the missile launcher, the radar, the sensors and the C2 command system, making it able to operate independently as an air defence system.[55]

IRIS-T SLM

[edit]

IRIS-T SLM (Surface Launched Missile)[56][57] is the air defence system which uses the IRIS-T SL missile.[42][58] As a part of the NATO MEADS program, the German Air Force and others are now using this missile. It has a pointed nose, unlike the regular IRIS-T, with a jettisonable drag-reducing nose cone. The missile uses a GPS-aided inertial navigation system, with radar data link for command guidance during the initial approach. The interference-resistant IR seeker head is activated at the terminal stage.[59][60]

Compared to the IRIS-T, the diameter of the rocket motor was increased by 25 mm, to 152 mm. Test launches from a battery consisting of a CEA CEAFAR radar, a Diehl IRIS-T SL launcher and an Oerlikon Skymaster battle management system were performed in 2014.[58] The IRIS-T SL qualification tests were completed in January 2015 at the Denel Overberg Test Range in South Africa.[61] A further fire test on the developed system of the IRIS-T SLM was completed in January 2022.[62]

An IRIS-T SLM air defence system consists of a tactical operation center, a logistic support unit, several radar units,[19] and 3 or 4[63] missile trucks.[64] The IRIS-T SLM can be integrated with a variety of electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) guidance systems and AESA radars, such as Hensoldt TRML-4D, Thales Ground Master 200 MM/C, CEA CEAFAR, and Saab Giraffe 4A.[42] A version with a Lockheed-Martin Skykeeper command and control station,[65] Giraffe 4A radar and Diehl IRIS-T SLM launcher was shown at IDEX 2019 under the name Falcon Ground Based Air Defence.[66][67][68]

Egypt ordered Diehl IRIS-T SLM launchers, Hensoldt TRML-4D radars, and fire and control stations equipped with Airbus Defence Fortion IBMS[69] integrated battle management software, all mounted on MAN 8×8 military trucks; the deal was approved by the German government in December 2021.[70] Further orders includes Hensoldt TwInvis [de] passive radars,[71][72] IRIS-T SLS launchers and IRIS-T SLX long-range missiles.[12][73][74] Passive radars can detect enemy aircraft by analysing reflections from external radio and television signals, making them effective in urban areas where active radars struggle.[75]

The German Air Force has received its first IRIS-T SLM system in 2024 and is to receive five more by 2027. Also, mixed SLS/SLM systems are being planned.[76]

  • An IRIS-T SL missile
    An IRIS-T SL missile
  • A MAN SX44 6x6 7-ton IRIS-T SL launcher
    A MAN SX44 6x6 7-ton IRIS-T SL launcher
  • A MAN SX45 8x8 10-ton IRIS-T SLM launcher
    A MAN SX45 8x8 10-ton IRIS-T SLM launcher
  • A MAN SX45 8x8 10-ton IRIS-T SLM launcher rear
    A MAN SX45 8x8 10-ton IRIS-T SLM launcher rear
  • A Hensoldt TRML-4D radar
    A Hensoldt TRML-4D radar
  • A CEA CEAFAR (GBMMR) radar
    A CEA CEAFAR (GBMMR) radar
  • The Thales Ground Master 200 MM/C radar
    The Thales Ground Master 200 MM/C radar
  • A Hensoldt TwInvis passive radar
    A Hensoldt TwInvis passive radar

In development

[edit]

IRIS-T AAM Block 2

[edit]

In June 2024, Diehl Defence revealed that they were working on a new variant of IRIS-T AAM which will benefit from a new seeker, replacement electronics and a data link capability.[77]

IRIS-T FCAAM air-to-air missile

[edit]
FCAAM

Diehl mentioned in 2022 that it was working on a 6th generation of short-range air-to-air missiles, and it is known as the "Future Combat Air-to-Air Missile". This missile is being designed to become one of the weapons of the European Future Combat Air System.[78] Some new features of IRIS-T FCAAM might include a stealthy non-cylindrical cross-section, multiple-spectrum IR sensor, advanced data processing, a two-way datalink, and a dual pulse/multi-pulse rocket motor.[79]

IRIS-T SLX

[edit]

IRIS-T SLX is an upgraded variant of IRIS-T surface-to-air missile which has the operational range of 80 km and ceiling of 30 km.[12] It will also use a combined radar and infrared seeker.[15] On the ILA 2024, Diehl Defence displayed a missile model of the developing IRIS-T SLX, which looked quite different to both IRIS-T AAM and IRIS-T SL. This new missile can be integrated into the IRIS-T SLM launchers, which can be loaded with a mix of SL and SLX missiles as the result. Only 50 to 60 soldiers are needed for each system.[64] The Diehl Defence chief programme officer Harald Buschek said this variant was capable of countering standoff weapons, and it was likely to be ready for operation within around 4 years. It also would retain the ability to engage cruise missiles and helicopters.[77]

IRIS-T HYDEF

[edit]

The Hypersonic Defence (HYDEF) is a program for missile defense against hypersonic threats. The consortium of this project consists of 13 companies from seven European nations. The HYDEF project is based on the successful contract signing in July 2022, dealing with a project study of an overall endo-atmospheric interceptor concept for air defence. At that time, the HYDEF project prevailed over the competitor and could win the Europe-wide tender. Hensoldt and Airbus are also involved as national partners in the HYDEF project. On 31 October 2023, SMS (Spanish Missile Systems, a collaborative proposal of Escribano Mechanical & Engineering [es], GMV and SENER AEROSPACIAL from Spain) and Diehl Defence signed the contract with OCCAR, marking the official start of the project.[80] It has the operational range of 100 km and ceiling of 50 km.[13]

On the ILA 2024, Diehl Defence revealed that they were working on a two-stage missile to defend against hypersonic weapons. It will consist of a booster as a starting engine and a warhead called "Kill vehicle" for the direct hit. This should enable it to attack targets at a distance of up to 100 km and an altitude of 50 km with a high level of agility. It should refer to IRIS-T HYDEF.[64]

IRIS-T air-to-surface missile

[edit]

For the air-to-surface role, the only difference from air-to-air version is an updated software insertion required to deliver the additional ground attack capability. Tested by the Royal Norwegian Air Force.[81]

[edit]

Diehl mentioned that the IRIS-T SLM missile was being integrated to the Mark 41 vertical launching system.[82]

IDAS

[edit]
Main article: IDAS (missile)

The IDAS variant is a naval version of the missile, and is also being developed for the new Type 212A submarine of the German Navy. IDAS is supposed to engage air threats, small or medium surface vessels or near land targets.[83]

The latest stage of development qualification is planned for 2024.[84] In October 2022, the Germany Ministry of Defense revised the budget proposal and canceled the project to buy the IDAS.[85]

  • A model of the IDAS
    A model of the IDAS
  • An IDAS and a Barracuda torpedo at the TechDemo'08 Exhibition, 2008
    An IDAS and a Barracuda torpedo at the TechDemo'08 Exhibition, 2008

LFK NG

[edit]
Main article: LFK NG

LFK NG was a surface-to-air variant that was developed by the Diehl BGT Defence and MBDA/LFK for the Germany air defence plan called SysFla (German: System Flugabwehr). Its weight is 28 kg, which is just one third of the original IRIS-T AAM. It would be equipped on the Army's Ozelot air defence system and Eurocopter Tiger. It has the operational range of 10 km.[86] In 2012, the German Army air defence units Heeresflugabwehrtruppe [de] was disbanded.[87] There's no further news about this variant afterward.

Operators

[edit]
Operators
  Current
  Future

The following operators are listed and defined as of June 2023.

Air-air missiles

[edit]

Current operators

[edit]
 Austria
25[88]
 Brazil
IRIS-T missiles for the new Saab JAS 39 Gripen E/F variants.[88][89][90]
 Germany
1,250 missiles in a first order.[88]
In 2023 a framework contract for up to 1,280 missiles was signed to replace those given as aid to Ukraine (120 ordered in a first batch).[91]
 Greece
350 IRIS-T missiles[88]
 Italy
444 IRIS-T missiles budget €217m, between 2003 and 2015.[92]
 Saudi Arabia
1,400 IRIS-T missiles[93]
150 additional ordered in January 2024 (ordered to replace the ones used to shoot down Houthi drones)[94]
 South Africa
25 IRIS-T missiles delivered as interim armament for Saab JAS 39 Gripen aircraft until the completion of the A-Darter SRAAM project.[95][96]
 Spain
700 IRIS-T missiles.[88] Original budget €247m, final cost €291m.[97]
 Sweden
450 IRIS-T missiles, designated Jaktrobotsystem 98 (jrbs 98).[88] IRIS-T SLS variant used in ground-based air defense systems.
 Thailand
220 IRIS-T missiles ordered.[98] To be integrated with F-5T, Gripen C/D, and F-16 eMLU.[99]

Former operators

[edit]
 Norway
150 IRIS-T missiles.[98] Taken out of service along with the F-16 in 2022. Missiles donated to Ukraine in August 2023.[100]

Future operators

[edit]
 Hungary
IRIS-T integration for Hungarian Saab JAS 39 Gripen MS20 Block II modernization program was ordered in December 2021.[101]
 Republic of Korea
IRIS-T integration for the KF-X fighter program was ordered in 2018.[102] With the first test firing taking place in April 2023.[103] On 17 May 2024, Diehl Defence declared that a KF-21 fighter had successfully fired an IRIS-T AAM to attack the target drone designated by the onboard AESA radar.[104]

Surface to air missiles

[edit]

Current operators

[edit]
 Egypt
Using the Airbus Fortion IBMS-FC, a Hensoldt TRML-4D radar installed on a MAN HX2.
  • 7 IRIS-T SLM ground-based air defense systems ordered in 2018.[105] with a further order of 400 SLM missiles
  • 10 IRIS-T SLX systems was approved in December 2021
  • 6 IRIS-T SLS systems[106][107]
 Sweden
IRIS-T SLS known as Luftvärnsrobotsystem 98 or lvrbs 98. It was ordered in 2013, first system used for trial was delivered in 2016.[108] The system is made of:
  • BvS 10 vehicle with a command post.
  • BvS 10 the trailer of the vehicle on which four IRIS-T SLS missiles are installed.
450 IRIS-T missiles, designated [88] IRIS-T SLS variant used in ground-based air defense systems.
 Ukraine
Germany provided military aid packages to Ukraine facing the Russian invasion.
  • 12 IRIS-T SLM systems,[109][110][111][112] among which, 4 delivered (1 in October 2022,[113] 1 in April 2023,[114] 1 in October 2023,[115] 1 in May 2024[116]), and additional IRIS-T SLM missiles are being supplied by Germany.
  • 12 IRIS-T SLS systems, with three delivered. One IRIS-T SLS system likely consists of two launchers.[117]
The IRIS-T batteries are all equipped with the fire control system Airbus Fortion IBMS-FC and the radar TRML-4D from Hensoldt. All those systems use the MAN HX2 platform.
Norway announced in July 2024 that $92 million will be allocated for an IRIS-T SLM battery to be delivered to Ukraine[118]
 Germany (1 fire unit operational, 5 on order, 2 on option, 216 missiles ordered)
The German Air Force operates 1 IRIS-T SLM fire unit. The system gained its initial operational capability in September 2024 after having been handed over to the German procurement agency in August 2024.[119][120]
In June 2023, the German Air Force ordered 6 fire units with 216 missiles for €950 million, and there is an option for 2 additional fire units. The order is financed from the Bundeswehr special fund. This system is also part of the European Sky Shield Initiative.[121]

Future operators

[edit]
 Austria
8 IRIS-T fire units with 3 launchers each are to be purchased by Austria. It will include IRIS-T SLM and SLS batteries. The decision for this system was announced in September 2023.[122]
 Bulgaria
The Bulgarian parliament approved the purchase of 1 fire unit of the IRIS-T SLM for the Bulgarian Air Force in August 2024.[123]
Options for additional fire are mentioned in potential sales.
 Estonia
In May 2023, the Latvian and Estonian governments announced their decision to jointly procure the IRIS-T SLM systems, with deliveries expected in 2025.[124]
 Germany
German Army: For the programme LVS NNbS, the IRIS-T missiles will be used, likely to be installed on mobile launchers Boxer.[125]
 Latvia
IRIS-T SLM system contract signed in November 2023 for €600 million, delivery of components from 2026.[126]
 Netherlands
The Netherlands are coordinating with Norway for the same system they are using, the mobile GBAD.[127][128]
 Norway
Norway is developing its short range air defence, the MGBAD "mobile ground-based air defence system".[129] It is using elements of the NASAMS 3 system, and elements from the IRIS-T SLS system. The purchase includes:
  • 36 IRIS-T SLS missiles
  • 6 mobile launchers PMMC G5 equipped with 6 IRIS-T SLS canister launchers and a XENTA-M X-band radar designed by Weibel Scientific
  • 3 High Mobility Launcher (HML) HMMWV-based equipped with a roof rack with up to 4 AIM-120B AMRAAM or 6 AIM-120C missiles
  • a command and control system based on the NASAMS 3.
 Slovenia
2 IRIS-T SLM systems contract signed in December 2023 for €200 million.[130][131]
  Switzerland
Swiss Air Force – Tender for Bodluv MR Programme launched in April 2024. Armasuisse requested an offer to Diehl for a medium range air defence system (a variant of the IRIS-T SL). Diehl is in competition against MBDA (with potentially the CAMM, CAMM-ER or MICA-VL) and Kongsberg / Raytheon (with the NASAMS or MGBAD).[132][133]
Programme information: tender launched 30 April 2024, offer to be provided by July 2024, decision expected in the third quarter 2024 and the financing and order is planned with the armament program 2025. Note: "ESSI participation doesn't preclude the system choice".
As of July 2024, Kongsberg / Raytheon and MBDA made the decision to not submit an offer for the Bodluv MR Programme. Diehl therefore won the tender. Armasuisse will now enter in negotiation for the purchase of the system.[134]

Potential future operators

[edit]
 Bulgaria
An option for up to 5 IRIS-T SLM and 1 IRIS-T SLX fire units is available until 2032.[123]
 Romania
€3.85 billion for 41 launchers, to be purchased in 2 phases. It is in competition against the NASAMS from Kongsberg, the VL Mica from MBDA France, the SPYDER from Rafael and the KM-SAM from Hanwha.[135] It is to replace the S-75M3 and the MIM-23 Hawk (Phase IIIR) air defence systems.[136]
 Lithuania
On 21 May 2024, in the meeting with Germany Federal Ministry of Defence Boris Pistorius, the Ministry of National Defence Laurynas Kasčiūnas said that Lithuania was considering purchasing IRIS-T medium-range air defense system.[137]
ESSI members (European Sky Shield Initiative)
As part of the ESSI (European Sky Shield Initiative), a common European air defence system which will be made of mostly IRIS-T SL and the MIM-104 Patriot System. The ESSI initiative includes some countries that are already clients (Germany, Latvia, Estonia, Norway), or soon to be clients (Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Denmark)

Operational usage

[edit]

Egypt

[edit]

The first IRIS-T SLM system was delivered in 2021 to Egypt, and trials followed, seeing the successful downing of two drones.[138]

Ukraine

[edit]
IRIS-T system deployed in Ukraine

On 24 October 2022, at the opening of the 5th Business Forum on the Reconstruction of Ukraine, the Prime Minister of Ukraine Denys Shmyhal noted that German IRIS-T system had the highest successful hit rate among others in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, and it could destroy 9 out of 10 Russian missiles.[139]

Following another Russian missile attack against Ukraine on 31 October 2022, the Ukrainian Air Force stated that IRIS-T missiles had a 100% success rate countering the attack.[140]

On 15 November, 2022 footage appearing to show the IRIS-T system shooting down two cruise missiles circulated. One missile appeared to be a Kalibr cruise missile.[141][142]

During the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive, a TRML-4D multi-functional radar from the IRIS-T SLM air defense system was reportedly damaged by a Russian ZALA Lancet drone, with the extent of damage unclear.[143][144] According to Ukraine, the system remained functional.[145]

As of October 2023 Germany had transferred to Ukraine three IRIS-T air defense systems.[146]

On 23 November 2023, the German Federal Ministry of Defence announced that an additional four IRIS-T SLM medium-range air defense systems would be supplied to Ukraine as part of a military aid package worth more than €1.3 billion (US$1.4 billion). The systems will be supplied from 2025. The package also includes drones and drone-defense systems, demining vehicles, satellite communications, electronic warfare equipment, directional anti-tank mines and artillery shells.[147]

By June 2024, Helmut Rauch, the CEO of Diehl Defense claimed that 240 kills were achieved by the IRIS-T SLM and SLS in Ukraine with an almost 100% success rate.[64][148]

Germany

[edit]

In September 2024, The German Air Force activated its first IRIS-T SLM fire unit.[149]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "BGT/SAAB/Alenia IRIS-T". Archived from the original on 22 January 2009.
  2. ^ "Explainer: Germany's IRIS-T air defense system". DW. 12 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  3. ^ Felix Busjaeger (22 October 2022). "Flugabwehrsystem Iris-T: Das kann das System aus Deutschland". kreiszeitung.de (in German). Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  4. ^ Simon Cleven (10 January 2024). "Was die Iris-T-Lenkraketen so besonders macht". t-online.de (in German). Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  5. ^ Frank Hofmann (12 May 2023). "Ukraine: Deutscher Nachschub für die Offensive". Focus. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  6. ^ "FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR IRIS-T GUIDED MISSILES SIGNED". Diehl.com. 22 December 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d "Diehl Defence: IRIS-T, the short-distance missile of the latest generation". Diehl.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  8. ^ a b "IRIS-T". Airpower.at. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  9. ^ a b Andersson 2012, p. 26.
  10. ^ a b c d "The new mobile Air Defence system IRIS-T SLS Mk III unveiled at EUROSATORY 2022". 16 July 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  11. ^ a b c "IRIS-T SLM GBAD system | Egypt's choice to boost air defence - PHOTOS & VIDEO". 20 December 2021.
  12. ^ a b c d e "DIEHL DEFENCE and HENSOLDT are enhancing the performance of their existing ground-based air defence systems". 6 April 2022.
  13. ^ a b c White, Andrew (2024). "Addressing the Hypersonic Threat: Challenges and Responses". Military Technology. Vol. 48, no. 2. p. 16. ISSN 0722-3226.
  14. ^ a b Andersson 2012, p. 37.
  15. ^ a b "Germany's Diehl Defence Unveils Advanced IRIS-T SLX Air Defense Missile System". armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  16. ^ "Luft-Luft-Rakete IRIS-T AIM-2000". www.bundeswehr.de (in German). Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  17. ^ "AIM-2000 (IRIS-T) Infrared Imaging Seeker - Tail". Hellenic Air Force (in Greek). Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  18. ^ "IRIS-T European Short Range Air-to-Air Missile" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2012.
  19. ^ a b "How the West is helping Ukraine beat Russia's missiles". The Economist. 11 October 2022. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  20. ^ Gibson, Chris; Buttler, Tony (2007). British Secret Projects: Hypersonics, Ramjets and Missiles. Midland Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 9781857802580.
  21. ^ "Advanced Short Range Air to Air Missile (ASRAAM) - Think Defence". 5 November 2022.
  22. ^ Tirpak, John. "The Evolution of the Force". Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  23. ^ Menon, KB (17 July 2012). "Evolution of the Air-To-Air Missiles: Options for the IAF". Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  24. ^ Robinson, Tim (July 2002). "The Market for 4th Generation Dogfight Missiles". Military Technology. Vol. 26, no. 7. p. 51. ISSN 0722-3226. The revolution in WVR technology came from Russia, back when it was the Soviet Union, with a missile that was effectively a generation ahead of Western designs. The Vympel R-73 was a revelation when it first appeared in 1986 ... What also was critical with R-73 was its integration with a helmet-mounted sight, allowing impressive off-boresight shots.
  25. ^ Nordeen, Lon O. (January 2004). "A Half-Century of Jet-Fighter Combat". Journal of Electronic Defense. Vol. 27, no. 1. p. 46. ISSN 0192-429X. Western military planners have had widespread access to Russian technology, which revealed the uncomfortable lead the R-73 had over the American AIM-9L. With the helmet-mounted sight, the R-73 could be cued by head movement to hit a target within 180 degrees of the centerline.
  26. ^ Arms and the State: Patterns of Military Production and Trade. Cambridge University Press. 25 August 1995. 253. ISBN 0521558662.
  27. ^ "Germany clears IRIS-T missile development". Flightglobal. 2 December 1997. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  28. ^ "IRIS-T – the world's highest-performance, short-range, air-to-air guided missile". Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.
  29. ^ "Germany tees-off with Iris". Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  30. ^ "Solid Rocket Motors". Nammo. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  31. ^ "IRIS-T SL Surface-to-Air Guided Missile". Airforce Technology. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  32. ^ "IRIS-T Guided Missile Family, Germany". Diehl. Archived from the original on 3 June 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  33. ^ Mader, Georg (2016). "Air-to-Air Missile Update". Military Technology. Vol. 40, no. 6. p. 129. ISSN 0722-3226. Improvements in target discrimination not only allows for 5-8 times longer head-on firing range than the AIM-9L
  34. ^ a b "Any one for IRIS-T". Flightglobal. 30 April 1997. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  35. ^ a b "IRIS-T European Short Range Air-to-air Missile" (PDF). Diehl. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  36. ^ "IRIS-T Air-to-Air Guided Missile, Germany". Air force technology. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  37. ^ Maini, Anil Kumar (April 2015). "Precision-Guided Munitions: Infra-Red-Guided Weapons". Electronics For You. Vol. 3, no. 12. p. 84. ISSN 0013-516X.
  38. ^ a b c d "Short-range square-off". Flightglobal. 27 June 2000. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  39. ^ Quaranta, Paolo (2016). "Missile Guidance Technology". Military Technology. Vol. 40, no. 7/8. p. 26. ISSN 0722-3226.
  40. ^ Friedman 1997, p. 423.
  41. ^ "IRIS-T - European Short Range Air-to-Air Missile". Military Technology. Vol. 34, no. 7. 2010. p. 175. ISSN 0722-3226. IRIS-T provides the pilot with an unmatched full sphere launch capability under all modern countermeasure conditions, inciuding blinding laser
  42. ^ a b c d e "Living in a safe environment: Technology for peace and freedom" (PDF). Diehl Defence. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  43. ^ "IRIS-T SL Surface-to-Air Guided Missile". Air force technology. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014.
  44. ^ "Diehl develops air-to-surface capability for IRIS-T AAM". Jane’s. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016.
  45. ^ "Royal Norwegian Air Force tested IRIS-T in air-to-ground mission" (Press release). Diehl. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016.
  46. ^ "Diehl Defence with strong trade fair presence at ILA 2024". Diehl Defence. 29 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  47. ^ Diehl Defence ramps up production of IRIS-T missile systems. Army Recognition. 6 September 2023.
  48. ^ Andersson 2012, p. 25.
  49. ^ a b "Nytt närluftvärn med IRIS-T SLS" (PDF) (in Swedish). luftvarn.se. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  50. ^ a b "Eldenhet 98 är ett svensk-tyskt luftvärnssystem som kan bekämpa flygplan och kryssningsrobotar på kortare avstånd". Forsvarsmakten (in Swedish). 29 August 2022.
  51. ^ "Nytt robotsystem till Försvarsmakten". Mynewsdesk. 22 August 2019.
  52. ^ "IRIS-T SLM". Deagel. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  53. ^ "Norway acquires Army Mobile Ground Based Air Defence". Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace. 6 February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  54. ^ "På samme plattform som kampluftvern: Nye artillerijegere skal bygges i Norge". tu.no. 23 September 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  55. ^ Eisele, Maximilian (2021). "A mais moderna Defesa Antiaérea Terrestre com a "Solução Germano-Brasileira" IRIS-T SLM e SLX". Tecnologia Militar (in Portuguese). Vol. 43, no. 2. p. 35. ISSN 0722-2904.
  56. ^ Konrad, Kaiser (2014). "IRIS-T SLM". Tecnologia Militar (in Portuguese). Vol. 36, no. 3. p. 62. ISSN 0722-2904.
  57. ^ Konrad, Kaiser (2016). "IRIS-T SLM". Tecnologia Militar (in Portuguese). Vol. 38, no. 2. p. 44. ISSN 0722-2904.
  58. ^ a b "Diehl Defence successfully demonstrated IRIS-T SLM ground based air defence system 2801142". Defence & Security Industry News - Diehl Defence. 28 January 2014. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  59. ^ "Guided missiles - IRIS-T SL". Diehl Defence. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  60. ^ "IRIS-T Guided Missile Family IRIS-T SL". Archived from the original on 13 January 2013.
  61. ^ "IRIS-T SL achieves qualification after successful firings at Overberg". defenceWeb. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  62. ^ KG, Diehl Stiftung & Co (11 January 2022). "Ground-Based Air Defence System IRIS-T SLM demonstrates its operational efficiency under realistic operating conditions | Diehl Defence". www.diehl.com.
  63. ^ "Slovenia procures IRIS-T SLM within ESSI framework". Diehl Defense. 26 January 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  64. ^ a b c d ES&T Redaktion (6 June 2024). "ILA 2024: "Close to 100% hit rate" für IRIS-T SLM". esut.de (in German). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  65. ^ "SkyKeeper". February 2022.
  66. ^ "Meet the Falcon, a new short-range air defense system". 18 February 2019.
  67. ^ "IDEX 2019: Lockheed Martin, Diehl and Saab unveil Falcon ground-based air defence (GBAD) system". 20 February 2019.
  68. ^ KG, Diehl Stiftung & Co (18 February 2019). "Lockheed Martin, Diehl and Saab Unveil Collaboration to Counter Emerging Short and Medium-Range Threats with Falcon Weapon System | Diehl Defence". www.diehl.com.
  69. ^ "Fortion® IBMS | Integrated Battle Management Software".
  70. ^ "New German-made IRIS-T SLM air defense missile system of Egypt armed forces – Polygon Military Magazine".
  71. ^ "Twinvis Passive Radar". hensoldt.net. 5 August 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  72. ^ "Twinvis Passive Radar for Ground Based Air Defence | HENSOLDT". www.hensoldt.net.
  73. ^ "Egypt Gets its Own 'Iron Dome' Air Defense System". 20 December 2021.
  74. ^ "Egypt Air defence strengthened with IRIS-T SLM acquisition * Military Africa". 17 December 2021.
  75. ^ "Breakthrough: Invisible surveillance of airspace | BDLI". Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  76. ^ ES&T Redaktion (19 May 2023). "Bundeswehr erhält nächstes Jahr erste Iris-T SLM". esut.de (in German). Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  77. ^ a b Craig Hoyle (6 June 2024). "Defensive role in Ukraine helps to propel IRIS-T air-defence developments". Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  78. ^ Valpolini, Paolo (27 July 2022). "IRIS-T FCAAM: the future SRAAM 6th generation missile by Diehl Defence". EDR Magazine. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  79. ^ Raj, Anil (2023). "Present and future air-to-air missiles". Military Technology. Vol. 47, no. 1. p. 22. ISSN 0722-3226.
  80. ^ "HYDEF Project reaches next milestone". Diehl Defence. 31 October 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  81. ^ "Diehl develops air-to-surface capability for IRIS-T AAM". Archived from the original on 16 December 2016.
  82. ^ "Iris-T SLM soll in VLS für Marineschiffe integriert werden" (in German). 12 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  83. ^ "null". www.thyssenkrupp-marinesystems.com. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  84. ^ Valenti, Alix (11 May 2023). "Update on IDAS submarine-launched missile with TKMS". Naval News. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  85. ^ Thomas Wiegold (28 November 2022). "Nach Rechnungshof-Kritik: Weniger Projekte im Bundeswehr-Sondervermögen" (in German). Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  86. ^ "LFK NG" (PDF). Diehl (in German). 8 August 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  87. ^ René Hinz (30 April 2024). "Heeresflugabwehrtruppe wird neu aufgestellt". www.bundeswehr.de (in German). Strausberg. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  88. ^ a b c d e f g "South Africa Orders IRIS-T Missiles". Defense industry daily. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  89. ^ "Conheça as armas do caça Saab Gripen E/F da FAB". Poder Aéreo (in Portuguese). 15 September 2017.
  90. ^ "FAB adquire os modernos mísseis ar-ar IRIS-T para o Gripen". Defesa aérea & naval. 21 December 2021.
  91. ^ "Beschaffung von bis zu 1.280 IRIS-T geplant". Hartpunkt (in German). 11 December 2023.
  92. ^ "Nota Aggiuntiva allo stato di previsione per la Difesa per l'anno 2012" (PDF) (in Italian). Ministero delle Difesa. April 2012. p. II - 1.C/7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2014. Programma, in cooperazione internazionale con GERMANIA, SVEZIA, GRECIA, CANADA e NORVEGIA relativo allo sviluppo e produzione e supporto in sevizio di 444 missili aria/aria a corto raggio di nuova generazione
  93. ^ "Trade Registers". Armstrade.sipri.org. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  94. ^ "Germany to resume arms deliveries to Saudi Arabia with IRIS-T missiles". Reuters. Berlin. 10 January 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  95. ^ "Sipri: Trade Registers". Portal.sipri.org. Archived from the original on 23 April 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  96. ^ "SAAF maintaining IRIS-T". defenceWeb. 23 May 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  97. ^ "Evaluación de los Programas Especiales de Armamento (PEAs)" [Special armament programs evaluation] (PDF). Atenea (in Spanish). Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa. September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  98. ^ a b "Diehl Defence: IRIS-T, the short-distance missile of the latest generation". Diehl.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  99. ^ Hoyle, Craig. "Thai F-5s to fight on with IRIS-T missiles". FlightGlobal.
  100. ^ "Norway to donate air defence missiles to Ukraine". regjeringen.no (Norwegian Government). 14 August 2023.
  101. ^ "A legkorszerűbb légiharc-rakétákkal bővül a Magyar Honvédség Gripenjeinek fegyverzete". webradio.hu (in Hungarian). 17 December 2021.
  102. ^ "South Korea confirms Meteor, Iris-T integration on KF-X fighter jet". www.airrecognition.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  103. ^ Dubois, Gastón (5 April 2023). "KF-21 Boramae fired an IRIS-T missile for the first time". Aviacionline.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  104. ^ "Kai KF-21 accomplished first successful firing of IRIS-T". Diehl Defence. 17 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  105. ^ "Federal Government approves arms exports to Gulf States". Rheinische Post. 19 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  106. ^ "New German-made IRIS-T SLM air defense missile system of Egypt armed forces – Polygonjournal.com". polygonjournal.com. 7 April 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  107. ^ Gebauer, Matthias; Schult, Christoph (15 December 2021). "Ägypten: GroKo genehmigte noch kurz vor Regierungswechsel heiklen Waffenexport". Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  108. ^ Mbuyisa, Slindo (13 March 2013). "Sweden buys IRIS-T surface-to-air missiles". defenceWeb. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  109. ^ Oryx. "Answering The Call: Heavy Weaponry Supplied To Ukraine". Oryx. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  110. ^ "Germany unveils biggest-ever Ukraine military package". canberratimes.com.au. 13 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  111. ^ "Military support for Ukraine | Federal Government". Website of the Federal Government | Bundesregierung. 13 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  112. ^ "Ukraine-Krieg: Russland stoppt ukrainischen Vormarsch am Dnipro". www.fr.de (in German). 20 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  113. ^ ES&T editorial team (9 November 2022). "Germany is supplying more Iris-T SLM missiles to Ukraine". esut.de. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  114. ^ KG, Diehl Stiftung & Co (25 May 2023). "Second IRIS-T SLM fire unit delivered to Ukraine | Diehl Defence". www.diehl.com. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  115. ^ "Drittes System IRIS-T SLM an Ukraine übergeben". www.bmvg.de (in German). 17 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  116. ^ Matthias Gebauer; Marina Kormbaki (24 May 2024). "Weiteres deutsches Iris-T-System in der Ukraine angekommen". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 25 May 2024.
  117. ^ "Military support for Ukraine | Federal Government". Website of the Federal Government | Bundesregierung. 29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  118. ^ Mykhailo Stoliar (12 July 2024). "Norway to finance IRIS-T SL air defence system for Ukraine". gagadget.com. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  119. ^ ES&T Redaktion (6 August 2024). "Erste Feuereinheit IRIS-T SLM abgenommen – Nutzung für Ende 2025 geplant". esut.de (in German). Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  120. ^ "Feierliche Indienststellung des Waffensystems IRIS-T SLM". www.bmvg.de (in German). 4 September 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  121. ^ ES&T Redaktion (6 September 2024). "Anfängliche Einsatzbereitschaft mit IRIS-T erreicht". esut.de (in German). Retrieved 6 September 2024.
  122. ^ "Sicherheit: Österreich kauft Raketenwerfer - Zur Sache". zur-sache.at (in Austrian German). 13 September 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  123. ^ a b "Bulgaria approves purchase of IRIS-T SLM". Default. 7 August 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  124. ^ "Estonia, Latvia plan joint purchase of German medium-range IRIS-T air defense systems". The Washington Post. 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  125. ^ "Rheinmetall". Rheinmetall. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  126. ^ Gosselin-Malo, Elisabeth (4 December 2023). "Latvia signs order for German IRIS-T air defenses". Defense News. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  127. ^ "Verwerving luchtverdediging op korte en middellange afstand in 1 project" [Acquisition air defence on short and long distance in 1 project] (in Dutch). 5 June 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  128. ^ Gerhard Heiming (24 January 2024). "Luftverteidigung All-in-One auf G5". ES&T (in German).
  129. ^ ArmadniNoviny.cz. "Norsko obnovuje PVO: Transportéry M113 ponesou protiletadlové střely IRIS-T". Armádní noviny (in Czech). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  130. ^ "Slovenia inks deal with Germany for IRIS-T SLM air defense system". Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  131. ^ "ESSI: Slovenia signs agreement for IRIS-T SLM air defence system". 7 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  132. ^ PK (30 April 2024). "Demande d'offre pour le futur système sol-air de moyenne portée !". Avia news (in French). Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  133. ^ "Offertanfrage an die Herstellerfirmen von Bodluv-Systemen mittlerer Reichweite übergeben". www.admin.ch. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  134. ^ "Medium-range ground-based air defence – Kongsberg and MBDA will not submit offers".
  135. ^ Defensa.com (24 November 2023). "Rumania se dotará de un sistema de defensa aérea por 3.850 millones - Noticias Defensa defensa.com OTAN y Europa". Defensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  136. ^ "Romania Launches $4.2 Billion Tender for Short- and Medium-range Air Defense Systems". Militarnyi. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  137. ^ Radvilė Rumšienė (21 May 2024). "Po Kasčiūno ir Pistoriuso susitikimo – Lietuvos svarstymas įsigyti oro gynybos sistemas". Lithuanian National Radio and Television (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  138. ^ Liam, Darek (17 December 2021). "Egypt Air defence strengthened with IRIS-T SLM acquisition". Military Africa. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
  139. ^ "German IRIS-T reach 90% successful hit rate in Ukraine". Technology Org. 24 October 2022.
  140. ^ "IRIS-T shows 100% success today, more of these systems needed, Air Force says". The New Voice of Ukraine. 31 October 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  141. ^ "German IRIS-T 'Blows Away' Russian Cruise Missile; Ukraine's Interceptor System Hunts At A Stunning Speed". EurAsian Times. 18 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  142. ^ "Watch: Russian Cruise Missile Shot Down By Ukraine Surface-To-Air Missile". NDTV. 17 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  143. ^ "Russische Drohne beschädigt wichtiges Flugabwehrsystem der Ukraine". Der Standard. 8 June 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
  144. ^ "Kamikaze-Drohne attackiert deutsches Luftabwehr-System IRIS-T". N-tv. 9 June 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
  145. ^ ""Nicht einfach der russischen Propaganda glauben"". Süddeutsche Zeitung. 9 June 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
  146. ^ "Ukraine updates: US aid to Kyiv hits Republican roadblock – DW –". DW. 27 October 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  147. ^ Ruitenberg, Rudy (24 November 2023). "Germany to supply Ukraine with IRIS-T systems in $1.4 billion package". Defense News. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  148. ^ "Diehl will Produktion von Iris-T SLM verdoppeln und Raketen für das Artilleriesystem PULS herstellen" (in German). 6 June 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  149. ^ "German army activates air-defence system over Russia threat". Local. 4 September 2024.

Sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Bonds, Ray ed. The Modern US War Machine. New York City: Crown Publishers, 1989. ISBN 0-517-68802-6.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to IRIS-T.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IRIS-T&oldid=1258919308"