Jump to content

Barisan Nasional

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Barisan Nasional
English nameNational Front
Chinese name国民阵线
Guómín zhènxiàn
Tamil nameதேசிய முன்னனி
Tēciya muṉṉaṉi
AbbreviationBN
ChairmanAhmad Zahid Hamidi
Secretary-GeneralZambry Abdul Kadir
Deputy ChairmanMohamad Hasan
Vice Chairman
AdvisorNajib Razak
Treasurer-GeneralJohari Abdul Ghani
FounderAbdul Razak Hussein
Founded1 June 1974 (1974-06-01)[1]
Legalised1 June 1974
Preceded byAlliance
Succeeded byGabungan Parti Sarawak
(in Sarawak) (2018)
Gabungan Rakyat Sabah
(in Sabah) (2022)[2]
HeadquartersAras 8, Menara Dato’ Onn, Putra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur
Newspaper
Student wingBarisan Nasional Student Movement
Youth wingBarisan Nasional Youth Movement
Women's wingBarisan Nasional Women Movement
Ideology
Factions:
Political positionCentre-right to right-wing
National affiliationPerikatan Nasional (2020–2022)[nb 1]
National Unity Government (since 2022)
Regional affiliationGabungan Rakyat Sabah (since 2020)
Colours
  •   Royal blue
  •   Sky white
SloganRakyat Didahulukan
(People's First, Nation First)
Hidup Rakyat
(Long Live the People!)
Bersama Barisan Nasional
(With the National Front)
Hidup Negaraku
(Long Live the Nation!)
Kestabilan dan Kemakmuran
(Stability and Prosperity)
AnthemBarisan Nasional[6]
Dewan Negara
16 / 70
Dewan Rakyat
30 / 222
State Legislative Assemblies
123 / 611
Chief minister of states
4 / 13
Election symbol
Website
www.barisannasional.org.my
This article is part of a series on the
Politics of
Malaysia
Head of State
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Elections
Political parties
List of political parties in Malaysia
Federalism
Ideologies and concepts

Race and politics

The National Front, officially Barisan Nasional (BN), is a political coalition of Malaysia that was founded in 1974 as a coalition of centre-right and right-wing political parties to succeed the Alliance Party. It is the third largest political coalition with 30 seats in the Dewan Rakyat after Pakatan Harapan (PH) with 82 seats and Perikatan Nasional (PN) with 74 seats.

The coalition consists of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), and United Sabah People's Party (PBRS).

The Barisan Nasional coalition employs the same inter-communal governing model of its predecessor the Alliance Party but on a wider scale, with up to 14 communal political parties involved in the coalition at one point.[1] It dominated Malaysian politics for over thirty years after it was founded; however, since 2008, the party has faced stronger challenges from opposition parties, notably the Pakatan Rakyat and later the Pakatan Harapan (PH) alliances. Taken together with its predecessor Alliance, it had a combined period of rule of almost 61 years from 1957 to 2018, and was considered the longest ruling coalition party in the democratic world.[7]

The Barisan Nasional coalition lost its hold of the parliament to PH for the first time in Malaysian history after the 2018 general election. It was also the first time Barisan Nasional became the opposition coalition, with former prime minister and Barisan Nasional chairman Mahathir Mohamad becoming PH's leader. As a result, the Sabah and Sarawak BN component parties left the coalition and formed their own coalitions in 2018 and 2022. In the aftermath of the 2020 Malaysian political crisis, together with four other parties, the Barisan Nasional coalition returned to power under a Perikatan Nasional-led government. However, it suffered its worst result in the 2022 election, falling to third behind Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional, but it stayed in government by supporting Pakatan Harapan.

History

[edit]

Formation

[edit]

Barisan Nasional is the direct successor to the three-party Alliance coalition formed by United Malays National Organisation, Malaysian Chinese Association, and Malaysian Indian Congress. It was founded in the aftermath of the 1969 general election and the 13 May riots. The Alliance Party lost ground in the 1969 election to the opposition parties, in particular the two newly formed parties, Democratic Action Party and Gerakan, as well as Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party. Although the Alliance won a majority of seats, it gained less than half the popular vote, and the resulting tension between different communities led to the May 13 riots and the declaration of a state of emergency.[8] After the Malaysian Parliament reconvened in 1971, negotiations to form a new alliance began with parties such as Gerakan and People's Progressive Party, both of which joined the Alliance in 1972, quickly followed by Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) in 1973.[1]

The Barisan Nasional, which included regional parties from Sabah and Sarawak (Sabah Alliance Party, Sarawak United Peoples' Party, Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu), was formally registered in June 1974 as a coalition of nine parties.[9] It contested the 1974 general election as a grand coalition under the leadership of the prime minister Tun Abdul Razak, which it won with considerable success.[10]

1977–2007

[edit]

In 1977, PAS was expelled from Barisan Nasional following a revolt by PAS within the Kelantan state legislature against the chief minister appointed by the federal government.[1] Barisan Nasional nevertheless won the 1978 general election convincingly, and it continued to dominate Malaysian politics in the 1980s and 1990s despite some losses in state elections, such as the loss of Kelantan to PAS, and Sabah to United Sabah Party which later joined Barisan Nasional.

By 2003, Barisan Nasional had grown to a coalition formed of more than a dozen communal parties. It performed particularly well in the 2004 general election, winning 198 out of 219 seats.

Although Barisan Nasional never achieved more than 67% of the popular vote in elections from 1974 to 2008, it maintained the consecutive two-thirds majority of seats in this period in the Dewan Rakyat until the 2008 election, benefitting from Malaysia's first-past-the-post voting system.[11]

2008–2018

[edit]

In the 2008 general election, Barisan Nasional lost more than one-third of the parliamentary seats to Pakatan Rakyat, a loose alliance of opposition parties. This marked Barisan's first failure to secure a two-thirds supermajority in Parliament since 1969. Five state governments, namely Selangor, Kelantan, Penang, Perak and Kedah fell to Pakatan Rakyat. Perak however was later returned via a court ruling following a constitutional crisis. Since 2008, the coalition has seen its non-Malay component parties greatly diminished in the peninsula.[12]

The losses continued in the 2013 general election, and it recorded its worst election result at the time. BN regained Kedah but lost several more seats in Parliament along with the popular vote to Pakatan. Despite winning only 47% of the popular vote, it managed to gain 60% of the 222 parliamentary seats, thereby retaining control of the parliament.[13]

And finally, during the 2018 general election, Barisan Nasional lost control of the parliament to Pakatan Harapan, winning a total of only 79 parliamentary seats. The crushing defeat ended their 61-year rule of the country, taken together with its predecessor (Alliance), and this paved the way for the first change of government in Malaysian history. The coalition won only 34% of the popular vote amid vote split of Islamic Party. In addition to their failure in regaining the Penang, Selangor and Kelantan state governments, six state governments, namely Johor, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Kedah and Sabah fell to Pakatan Harapan and WARISAN (Sabah). The Terengganu state government also fell but to the Gagasan Sejahtera. Barisan Nasional was only in power in three states; namely Perlis, Pahang and Sarawak.

Many of BN's component parties left the coalition following its humiliating defeat at the 2018 general election, reducing its number to 4 compared to 13 before the election.[14] These parties either aligned themselves with the new Pakatan Harapan federal government, formed a new state-based pact or remained independent. They include three Sabah-based parties (UPKO, PBS and LDP),[15][16] four Sarawak-based parties (PBB, SUPP, PRS and PDP, which formed a new state-based pact GPS),[17][18] myPPP (under Kayveas faction)[19] and Gerakan.[20] myPPP experienced a leadership dispute, with Maglin announcing that the party remained within the coalition and Kayveas announcing that the party had left the coalition, resulting in the dissolution of the party on 14 January 2019.

Among the remaining four component parties in Barisan National, UMNO's parliamentary seats have reduced from 54 to 38 since 16 members of parliament left the party,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] while MCA's parliamentary seat maintains one. MIC's parliamentary seats have reduced from two to one after the Election Court nullified the results of the election for the Cameron Highlands federal constituency due to bribery,[29] but BN regained its seat from a direct member under the 2019 by-election.[30]

As a result of these developments, BN's parliamentary seats have reduced to 41, compared with 79 seats that BN won in the general election.

MCA and MIC made a statement in March 2019 that they want to "move on" and find a new alliance following disputes with the secretary-general, Nazri Abdul Aziz. Mohamad Hasan, the acting BN chairman, chaired a Supreme Council meeting in which all parties showed no consensus on dissolving the coalition.

2019–present

[edit]

In January 2019, all Sabah UMNO branches including Sabah BN branches were dissolved and officially closed, leaving only one BN branch open. This brings the total BN seats in Sabah to only 2 seats.

Since 2019, Barisan Nasional recovered some ground and won a number of by-elections, such as the 2019 Cameron Highlands by-election,[31] 2019 Semenyih by-election,[32] 2019 Rantau by-election,[33] and 2019 Tanjung Piai by-election,[34] defeating Pakatan Harapan.

In September 2019, UMNO decided to form a pact with the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) called Muafakat Nasional. Its main purpose is to unite the Malay Muslim communities for electoral purposes.[35] There was however no formal agreement with the other parties of Barisan Nasional, although there were calls for Barisan Nasional to migrate to Muafakat Nasional.[36][37] Barisan Nasional continued to function as a coalition of four parties comprising UMNO, MCA, MIC and PBRS but aligned themselves with Perikatan Nasional to form a new government in March 2020 after the collapse of the Pakatan Harapan government.[38] Barisan Nasional form a new government on 15 August 2021 with Perikatan Nasional after the collapse of the Perikatan Nasional government.

Barisan Nasional also recovered control of the Johor,[39] Malacca[40] and Perak[41] state governments.

On 20 November 2021, Barisan Nasional won a two-thirds majority of 21 out of 28 seats in the Malacca State Legislative Assembly.[42]

On 12 March 2022, Barisan gained a landslide victory in the 2022 Johor state election, allowing it to form the much more stable Johor state government with a two-thirds majority in the Johor State Legislative Assembly, which is 40 out of 56 seats while defeating Pakatan Harapan with 12 seats, Perikatan Nasional with 3 seats and Malaysian United Democratic Alliance with 1 seat.

2022 election

[edit]

In the 2022 election, BN faced the worst result in its history, winning 30 out of 222 seats, compared to 82 and 74 seats for Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional respectively.[43] Several key figures including Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah, Mahdzir Khalid, Azeez Rahim, Tengku Zafrul Aziz, and Khairy Jamaluddin, lost to either PN or PH candidates in their own constituencies.[43][44][45][46] BN also lost several state elections held in Pahang and Perak and won no seats in Perlis.[47] Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, the party president, was re-elected with a slim majority of 348, high decrease from 2018 Malaysian general election which he won with majority of 5073 votes.[48] The election produced a hung parliament, but BN decided to support the biggest coalition Pakatan Harapan and was rewarded with cabinet posts in the government.[49][50]

Organisation

[edit]

In 2013, the vast majority of Barisan Nasional's seats were held by its two largest Bumiputera-based political parties—the United Malays National Organisation, and Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu. For most of its history, both the Malaysian Chinese Association and Malaysian Indian Congress have played major roles in Barisan Nasional, but their representation in Parliament and state legislatures has become much more diminished. Nevertheless, each component party purports to represent – and limit membership – to a certain race: UMNO for the Malays, MCA for the Chinese and so on. In the view of some scholars:

Since its inception the Alliance remained a coalition of communal parties. Each of the component parties operated to all intents and purposes, save that of elections, as a separate party. Their membership was communal, except perhaps Gerakan, and their success was measured in terms of their ability to achieve the essentially parochial demands of their constituents.[51]

Although both the Alliance and BN registered themselves as political parties, membership is mostly indirect through one of the constituent parties while direct membership is allowed.[52] The BN defines itself as a "confederation of political parties which subscribe to the objects of the Barisan Nasional". Although in elections, all candidates stand under the BN symbol, and there is a BN manifesto, each individual constituent party also issues its own manifesto, and there is intra-coalition competition for seats prior to nomination day.[53]

Member parties and allied parties

[edit]
Logo Name Ideology Position Leader(s) Seats
contested 		2022 result Current
seats 		State Legislature Seats
Votes (%) Seats Composition
Member parties
UMNO United Malays National Organisation
Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu 		Ketuanan Melayu Right-wing Ahmad Zahid Hamidi 119 16.43%
26 / 222
26 / 30
107 / 611
 MCA Malaysian Chinese Association
Persatuan Cina Malaysia 		Malaysian Chinese interests Centre-right Wee Ka Siong 44 4.29%
2 / 222
2 / 30
8 / 611
 MIC Malaysian Indian Congress
Kongres India Malaysia 		Malaysian Indian interests Vigneswaran Sanasee 10 1.11%
1 / 222
1 / 30
5 / 611
 PBRS United Sabah People's Party
Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah 		Sabah nationalism Right-wing Arthur Joseph Kurup 2 0.15%
1 / 222
1 / 30
0 / 611
Allied Parties of BN
PCM Love Malaysia Party
Parti Cinta Malaysia 		National conservatism Right-wing Huan Cheng Guan 1 0.03%
0 / 222
0 / 30
0 / 611
AMIPF All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front
Barisan Progresif India Se-Malaysia 		Dravidian movement Centre-right Loganathan Thoraisamy 1 0.05%
0 / 222
0 / 30
0 / 611
 KIMMA Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress
Kongres India Muslim Malaysia 		Islamism
Indo-Malaysian Muslim interests 		Right-wing Syed Ibrahim Kader 1 0.14%
0 / 222
0 / 30
0 / 611
MIUP Malaysian Indian United Party
Parti Bersatu India Malaysia 		Dravidian movement Nallakaruppan Solaimalai N/A N/A
0 / 222
0 / 30
0 / 611
MMSP Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party
Parti Makkal Sakti Malaysia 		R.S. Thanenthiran 1 0.07%
0 / 222
0 / 30
0 / 611
 MAP Malaysian Advancement Party
Parti Kemajuan Malaysia 		Waytha Moorthy Ponnusamy N/A N/A
0 / 222
0 / 30
0 / 611
PPM Punjabi Party of Malaysia
Parti Punjabi Malaysia 		Sikhism Gurjeet Singh Rhande N/A N/A
0 / 222
0 / 30
0 / 611
IKATAN Malaysia National Alliance Party
Parti Ikatan Bangsa Malaysia 		Social democracy Centre-left Abdul Kadir Sheikh Fadzir N/A N/A
0 / 222
0 / 30
0 / 611
Other allied parties
MIRA Minority Rights Action Party
Parti Tindakan Hak Minoriti 		Liberal democracy N/A S. Gobi Krishnan N/A N/A
0 / 222
0 / 30
0 / 611

Former member parties

[edit]

*denotes defunct parties

List of party chairmen

[edit]
No. Name
(Birth–Death) 		Portrait Term of office
1 Abdul Razak Hussein
(1922–1976) 		1 January 1973 14 January 1976
2 Hussein Onn
(1922–1990) 		15 January 1976 28 June 1981
3 Mahathir Mohamad
(b. 1925) 		28 June 1981 4 February 1988
– Ling Liong Sik
(Acting)
(b. 1943) 		4 February 1988 16 February 1988
(3) Mahathir Mohamad
(b. 1925) 		16 February 1988 30 October 2003
4 Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
(b. 1939) 		31 October 2003 26 March 2009
5 Najib Razak
(b. 1953) 		26 March 2009 12 May 2018
6 Ahmad Zahid Hamidi
(b. 1953) 		30 June 2018 18 December 2018
– Mohamad Hasan
(Acting)
(b. 1956) 		18 December 2018 30 June 2019
(6) Ahmad Zahid Hamidi
(b. 1953) 		30 June 2019 Incumbent

Leadership structure

[edit]

Barisan Nasional Supreme Council:[54]

Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, the incumbent Chairman of Barisan Nasional.

Elected representatives

[edit]

Dewan Negara (Senate)

[edit]

Senators

[edit]
Main article: Members of the Dewan Negara, 15th Malaysian Parliament

Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)

[edit]

Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament

[edit]
Main articles: Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament and Barisan Nasional Backbenchers Club and Parliamentary Council

Barisan Nasional has 30 MPs in the House of Representatives, with 26 MPs (or 92.5%) of them from UMNO.

State No. Parliament Constituency Member Party
 Perak P055 Lenggong Shamsul Anuar Nasarah UMNO
P072 Tapah Saravanan Murugan MIC
P075 Bagan Datuk Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi UMNO
 Pahang P078 Cameron Highlands Ramli Mohd Nor UMNO
P079 Lipis Abdul Rahman Mohamad UMNO
P084 Paya Besar Mohd. Shahar Abdullah UMNO
P085 Pekan Sh Mohmed Puzi Sh Ali UMNO
P090 Bera Ismail Sabri Yaakob UMNO
 Kuala Lumpur P119 Titiwangsa Johari Abdul Ghani UMNO
 Negeri Sembilan P126 Jelebu Jalaluddin Alias UMNO
P127 Jempol Shamshulkahar Mohd. Deli UMNO
P129 Kuala Pilah Adnan Abu Hassan UMNO
P131 Rembau Mohamad Hasan UMNO
P133 Tampin Mohd Isam Mohd Isa UMNO
 Johor P147 Parit Sulong Noraini Ahmad UMNO
P148 Ayer Hitam Wee Ka Siong MCA
P151 Simpang Renggam Hasni Mohammad UMNO
P153 Sembrong Hishammuddin Hussein UMNO
P155 Tenggara Manndzri Nasib UMNO
P156 Kota Tinggi Mohamed Khaled Nordin UMNO
P157 Pengerang Azalina Othman Said UMNO
P164 Pontian Ahmad Maslan UMNO
P165 Tanjung Piai Wee Jeck Seng MCA
 Sabah P173 Putatan Shahelmey Yahya UMNO
P176 Kimanis Mohamad Alamin UMNO
P177 Beaufort Siti Aminah Aching UMNO
P182 Pensiangan Arthur Joseph Kurup PBRS
P184 Libaran Suhaimi Nasir UMNO
P187 Kinabatangan Bung Moktar Radin UMNO
P191 Kalabakan Andi Muhammad Suryady Bandy UMNO
Total Perak (3), Pahang (5), Kuala Lumpur (1), Negeri Sembilan (5), Johor (9), Sabah (7)

Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)

[edit]

Malaysian State Assembly Representatives

[edit]
Main article: List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2023–present)
State No. Parliamentary

Constituency

No. State Assembly

Constituency

Member Party
 Kelantan P32 Gua Musang N43 Nenggiri Mohd Azmawi Fikri Abdul Ghani UMNO
N45 Galas Mohd Syahbuddin Hashim UMNO
 Penang P41 Kepala Batas N2 Bertam Reezal Merican Naina Merican UMNO
P47 Nibong Tebal N21 Sungai Acheh Rashidi Zainol UMNO
 Perak P54 Gerik N2 Temenggor Salbiah Mohamed UMNO
P55 Lenggong N4 Kota Tampan Saarani Mohammad UMNO
P62 Sungai Siput N21 Lintang Mohd Zolkafly Harun UMNO
P68 Bruas N36 Pengkalan Baharu Ahmad Faisal Mansor UMNO
P69 Parit N39 Belanja Khairudin Abu Hanipah UMNO
P72 Tapah N47 Chenderiang Choong Sin Heng MCA
N48 Ayer Kuning Isham Shahruddin UMNO
P75 Bagan Datuk N53 Rungkup Shahrul Zaman Yahya UMNO
P77 Tanjong Malim N59 Behrang Salina Samsudin UMNO
 Pahang P78 Cameron Highlands N2 Jelai Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail UMNO
P79 Lipis N3 Padang Tengku Mustapa Long UMNO
N5 Benta Mohd. Soffi Abd. Razak UMNO
P80 Raub N6 Batu Talam Abd Aziz Mat Kiram UMNO
N8 Dong Fazdzli Kamal UMNO
P83 Kuantan N16 Inderapura Shafik Fauzan Sharif UMNO
P85 Pekan N21 Peramu Jaya Nizar Najib UMNO
N22 Bebar Mohd. Fakhruddin Mohd. Ariff UMNO
N23 Chini Mohd Sharim Md Zain UMNO
P87 Kuala Krau N27 Jenderak Rodzuan Zaaba UMNO
N28 Kerdau Syed Ibrahim Syed Ahmad UMNO
P89 Bentong N35 Sabai V Arumugam MIC
N36 Pelangai Amizar Abu Adam UMNO
P90 Bera N37 Guai Sabariah Sadan UMNO
N39 Kemayan Khairulnizam Mohamad Zuldin UMNO
P91 Rompin N41 Muadzam Shah Razali Kassim UMNO
N42 Tioman Mohd Johari Hussain UMNO
— Nominated member Haris Salleh Hamzah UMNO
— Nominated member Wong Tat Chee MCA
 Selangor P92 Sabak Bernam N1 Sungai Air Tawar Rizam Ismail UMNO
P101 Ulu Langat N23 Dusun Tua Johan Abd Aziz UMNO
 Negeri Sembilan P126 Jelebu N2 Pertang Jalaluddin Alias UMNO
N3 Sungai Lui Mohd Razi Mohd Ali UMNO
P127 Jempol N6 Palong Mustafa Nagoor UMNO
N7 Jeram Padang Mohd Zaidy Abdul Kadir UMNO
P128 Seremban N9 Lenggeng Mohd Asna Amin UMNO
P129 Kuala Pilah N15 Juasseh Bibi Sharliza Mohd Khalid UMNO
N16 Seri Menanti Abdul Samad Ibrahim UMNO
N17 Senaling Ismail Lasim UMNO
N19 Johol Saiful Yazan Sulaiman UMNO
P131 Rembau N26 Chembong Zaifulbahri Idris UMNO
N27 Rantau Mohamad Hasan UMNO
N28 Kota Awaludin Said UMNO
P132 Port Dickson N32 Linggi Abdul Rahman Mohd. Redza UMNO
P133 Tampin N35 Gemencheh Suhaimizan Bikar UMNO
 Malacca P134 Masjid Tanah N1 Kuala Linggi Rosli Abdullah UMNO
N2 Tanjung Bidara Ab Rauf Yusoh UMNO
N3 Ayer Limau Hameed Mytheen Kunju Basheer UMNO
N4 Lendu Sulaiman Md Ali UMNO
N5 Taboh Naning Zulkiflee Mohd Zin UMNO
P135 Alor Gajah N7 Gadek Shanmugam Ptcyhay MIC
N8 Machap Jaya Ngwe Hee Sem MCA
N9 Durian Tunggal Zahari Abdul Kalil UMNO
N10 Asahan Fairul Nizam Roslan UMNO
P136 Tangga Batu N12 Pantai Kundor Tuminah Kadi Mohd Hashim UMNO
N13 Paya Rumput Rais Yasin UMNO
N14 Kelebang Lim Ban Hong MCA
P137 Hang Tuah Jaya N15 Pengkalan Batu Kalsom Noordin UMNO
N18 Ayer Molek Rahmad Mariman UMNO
P138 Kota Melaka N21 Duyong Mohd Noor Helmy Abu Halem UMNO
N23 Telok Mas Abdul Razak Abdul Rahman UMNO
P139 Jasin N25 Rim Khaidhirah Abu Zahar UMNO
N26 Serkam Zaidi Attan UMNO
N27 Merlimau Muhamad Akmal Saleh UMNO
N28 Sungai Rambai Siti Faizah Abdul Azis UMNO
 Johor P140 Segamat N1 Buloh Kasap Zahari Sarip UMNO
P141 Sekijang N3 Pemanis Anuar Abdul Manap UMNO
N4 Kemelah Saraswathy Nallathanby MIC
P142 Labis N5 Tenang Haslinda Salleh UMNO
N6 Bekok Tan Chong MCA
P143 Pagoh N8 Bukit Pasir Mohamad Fazli Mohamad Salleh UMNO
P144 Ledang N9 Gambir Sahrihan Jani UMNO
N11 Serom Khairin Nisa Ismail UMNO
P145 Bakri N14 Bukit Naning Fuad Tukirin UMNO
P146 Muar N16 Sungai Balang Selamat Takim UMNO
P147 Parit Sulong N17 Semerah Mohd Fared Mohd Khalid UMNO
N18 Sri Medan Zulkurnain Kamisan UMNO
P148 Ayer Hitam N19 Yong Peng Ling Tian Soon MCA
N20 Semarang Samsolbari Jamali UMNO
P149 Sri Gading N21 Parit Yaani Mohd Najib Samuri UMNO
N22 Pasir Raja Nor Rashidah Ramli UMNO
P150 Batu Pahat N24 Senggarang Mohd Yusla Ismail UMNO
N25 Rengit Mohd Puad Zarkashi UMNO
P151 Simpang Renggam N26 Machap Onn Hafiz Ghazi UMNO
N27 Layang-Layang Abd Mutalip Abd Rahim UMNO
P152 Kluang N29 Mahkota Syed Hussein Syed Abdullah UMNO
P153 Sembrong N30 Paloh Lee Ting Han MCA
N31 Kahang Vidyananthan Ramanadhan MIC
P154 Mersing N33 Tenggaroh Raven Kumar Krishnasamy MIC
P155 Tenggara N34 Panti Hahasrin Hashim UMNO
N35 Pasir Raja Rashidah Ismail UMNO
P156 Kota Tinggi N36 Sedili Muszaidi Makmor UMNO
N37 Johor Lama Norlizah Noh UMNO
P157 Pengerang N38 Penawar Fauziah Misri UMNO
N39 Tanjung Surat Aznan Tamin UMNO
P158 Tebrau N40 Tiram Azizul Bachok UMNO
P159 Pasir Gudang N43 Permas Baharudin Mohd Taib UMNO
P160 Johor Bahru N44 Larkin Mohd Hairi Mad Shah UMNO
P161 Pulai N47 Kempas Ramlee Bohani UMNO
P162 Iskandar Puteri N49 Kota Iskandar Pandak Ahmad UMNO
P163 Kulai N50 Bukit Permai Mohd Jafni Md Shukor UMNO
P164 Pontian N53 Benut Hasni Mohammad UMNO
N54 Pulai Sebatang Hasrunizah Hassan UMNO
P165 Tanjung Piai N55 Pekan Nanas Tan Eng Meng MCA
N56 Kukup Jefridin Atan UMNO
 Sabah P167 Kudat N2 Bengkoka Harun Durabi UMNO
P169 Kota Belud N10 Usukan Salleh Said Keruak UMNO
P171 Sepanggar N16 Karambunai Yakubah Khan UMNO
P174 Putatan N24 Tanjung Keramat Shahelmey Yahya UMNO
P175 Papar N29 Pantai Manis Mohd Tamin @ Tamin Zainal UMNO
P184 Libaran N51 Sungai Manila Mokran Ingkat UMNO
N52 Sungai Sibuga Mohamad Hamsan Awang Supain UMNO
P187 Kinabatangan N58 Lamag Bung Mokhtar Radin UMNO
N59 Sukau Jafry Ariffin UMNO
P188 Lahad Datu N61 Segama Mohamaddin Ketapi UMNO
P191 Kalabakan N71 Tanjong Batu Andi Muhammad Suryady Bandy UMNO
— Nominated member Suhaimi Nasir UMNO
— Nominated member Raime Unggi UMNO
Total Kelantan (2), Penang (2), Perak (9), Pahang (19), Selangor (2), Negeri Sembilan (14), Malacca (20), Johor (40), Sabah (13)

Barisan Nasional state governments

[edit]
State Leader type Member Party State Constituency
 Johor Menteri Besar Onn Hafiz Ghazi UMNO Machap
 Malacca Chief Minister Ab Rauf Yusoh UMNO Tanjung Bidara
 Pahang Menteri Besar Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail UMNO Jelai
 Perak Menteri Besar Saarani Mohammad UMNO Kota Tampan
State Leader type Member Party State Constituency
 Malacca Senior EXCO Rais Yasin UMNO Paya Rumput
 Negeri Sembilan Senior EXCO Jalaluddin Alias UMNO Pertang
 Sabah Deputy Chief Minister III Shahelmey Yahya UMNO Tanjung Keramat

Barisan Nasional also forms the state governments of Negeri Sembilan, Penang and Selangor in coalition with Pakatan Harapan, following the formation of the federal unity government (Kerajaan Perpaduan) in the aftermath of the 15th general election of November 2022.

State Leader type Member Party State Constituency
 Johor Speaker Mohd Puad Zarkashi UMNO Rengit
 Johor Deputy Speaker Samsolbari Jamali UMNO Semarang
 Malacca Speaker Ibrahim Durum UMNO Non-MLA
 Pahang Speaker Mohd Sharkar Shamsudin UMNO Non-MLA
 Perak Speaker Mohamad Zahir Abdul Khalid UMNO Non-MLA
 Sabah Speaker Kadzim M Yahya UMNO Non-MLA

Ministerial posts

[edit]
Portfolio Office Bearer Party Constituency
Deputy Prime Minister
Minister of Rural and Regional Development
Minister Responsible for National Disaster Management Agency 		Dato' Seri Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi MP UMNO Bagan Datuk
Minister of Foreign Affairs Dato' Seri Utama Mohamad Hasan MP UMNO Rembau
Minister of Investment, Trade and Industry Senator Datuk Seri Utama Tengku Zafrul Tengku Abdul Aziz UMNO Senator
Minister of Defence Dato' Seri Mohamed Khaled Nordin MP UMNO Kota Tinggi
Minister in the Prime Minister's Department
(Law and Institutional Reform) 		Dato' Sri Azalina Othman Said MP UMNO Pengerang
Minister of Higher Education Senator Dato' Seri Diraja Dr. Zambry Abdul Kadir UMNO Senator
Minister of Plantation and Commodities Datuk Seri Haji Johari Abdul Ghani MP UMNO Titiwangsa
Portfolio Office Bearer Party Constituency
Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Food Security Datuk Arthur Joseph Kurup MP PBRS Pensiangan
Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Datuk Mohamad Alamin MP UMNO Kimanis
Deputy Minister of Works Datuk Seri Ahmad Maslan MP UMNO Pontian
Deputy Minister of Home Affairs Datuk Seri Dr. Shamsul Anuar Nasarah MP UMNO Lenggong
Deputy Minister of Women, Family and Community Development Datuk Seri Dr. Noraini Ahmad MP UMNO Parit Sulong
Deputy Minister of Human Resources Dato' Sri Abdul Rahman Mohamad MP UMNO Lipis

General election results

[edit]
Election Total seats won Seats contested Share of seats Total votes Share of votes Outcome of election Election leader
1974
135 / 154
 154 87.7% 1,287,400 60.8% Increase135 seats; Governing coalition Abdul Razak Hussein
1978
131 / 154
 154 85.1% 1,987,907 57.2% Decrease4 seats; Governing coalition Hussein Onn
1982
132 / 154
 154 85.7% 2,522,079 60.5% Increase1 seats; Governing coalition Mahathir Mohamad
1986
148 / 177
 177 83.6% 2,649,263 57.3% Increase16 seats; Governing coalition Mahathir Mohamad
1990
127 / 180
 180 70.6% 2,985,392 53.4% Decrease21 seats; Governing coalition Mahathir Mohamad
1995
162 / 192
 192 84.4% 3,881,214 65.2% Increase35 seats; Governing coalition Mahathir Mohamad
1999
148 / 193
 193 76.2% 3,748,511 56.53% Decrease15 seats; Governing coalition Mahathir Mohamad
2004
198 / 219
 219 90.4% 4,420,452 63.9% Increase51 seats; Governing coalition Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
2008
140 / 222
 222 63.1% 4,082,411 50.27% Decrease58 seats; Governing coalition Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
2013
133 / 222
 221 59.9% 5,237,555 47.38% Decrease7 seats;[55] Governing coalition Najib Razak
2018
79 / 222
 222 35.59% 3,794,827 33.96% Decrease54 seats; Opposition coalition (2018-2020)
Governing coalition with Perikatan Nasional (2020-2022) 		Najib Razak
2022
30 / 222
 178 13.51% 3,462,231 22.36% Decrease49 seats; Governing coalition with Pakatan Harapan, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, Gabungan Rakyat Sabah and Parti Warisan Ahmad Zahid Hamidi

State election results

[edit]
State election State Legislative Assembly
Perlis Kedah Kelantan Terengganu Penang Perak Pahang Selangor Negeri Sembilan Malacca Johor Sabah Sarawak Total won / Total contested
2/3 majority
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
2 / 3
1974
12 / 12
24 / 26
36 / 36
27 / 28
23 / 27
31 / 42
32 / 32
30 / 33
21 / 24
16 / 20
31 / 32
30 / 48
1976
1978
12 / 12
19 / 26
23 / 36
28 / 28
20 / 27
32 / 42
32 / 32
29 / 33
21 / 24
16 / 20
31 / 32
239 / 257
1979
1981
1982
11 / 12
24 / 26
26 / 36
23 / 28
25 / 27
38 / 42
31 / 32
31 / 33
22 / 24
18 / 20
32 / 32
1983
30 / 48
30 / 32
1985
6 / 48
6 / 48
1986
14 / 14
25 / 28
29 / 39
30 / 32
23 / 33
33 / 46
32 / 33
37 / 42
24 / 28
17 / 20
35 / 36
1 / 48
300 / 351
1987
28 / 48
28 / 48
1990
14 / 14
26 / 28
0 / 39
22 / 32
19 / 33
33 / 46
31 / 33
35 / 42
24 / 28
17 / 20
32 / 36
0 / 48
253 / 351
1991
49 / 56
49 / 56
1994
23 / 48
23 / 48
1995
15 / 15
34 / 36
7 / 43
25 / 32
32 / 33
51 / 52
37 / 38
45 / 48
30 / 32
22 / 25
40 / 40
338 / 394
1996
57 / 62
57 / 64
1999
12 / 15
24 / 36
2 / 43
4 / 32
30 / 33
44 / 52
30 / 38
42 / 48
32 / 32
21 / 25
40 / 40
31 / 48
312 / 329
2001
60 / 62
60 / 62
2004
14 / 15
31 / 36
21 / 45
28 / 32
38 / 40
52 / 59
41 / 42
54 / 56
34 / 36
26 / 28
55 / 56
59 / 60
452 / 504
2006
62 / 71
62 / 71
2008
14 / 15
14 / 36
6 / 45
24 / 32
11 / 40
28 / 59
37 / 42
20 / 56
21 / 36
23 / 28
50 / 56
59 / 60
307 / 504
2011
55 / 71
55 / 71
2013
13 / 15
21 / 36
12 / 45
17 / 32
10 / 40
31 / 59
30 / 42
12 / 56
22 / 36
21 / 28
38 / 56
48 / 60
275 / 505
2016
77 / 82
77 / 82
2018
10 / 15
3 / 36
8 / 45
10 / 32
2 / 40
24 / 59
25 / 42
4 / 56
16 / 36
13 / 28
16 / 56
29 / 60
160 / 505
2020
14 / 73
14 / 41
2021
21 / 28
21 / 28
2022
40 / 56
40 / 56
2022
0 / 15
9 / 59
17 / 42
25 / 116
2023
0 / 36
1 / 45
0 / 32
2 / 40
2 / 56
14 / 36
19 / 108

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ From March 2020 to July 2021 as a junior partner in a coalition government, senior partner from August 2021 to October 2022

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Joseph Liow; Michael Leifer (20 November 2014). Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia. Routledge. pp. 102–. ISBN 978-1-317-62233-8.
  2. ^ "Hajiji says BN not part of newly-registered Gabungan Rakyat Sabah". Malay Mail. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  3. ^ Timothy J. Lomperis, September 1996, 'From People's War to People's Rule: Insurgency, Intervention, and the Lessons of Vietnam', page 212, ISBN 0807822736
  4. ^ Helen Ting. "The Politics of National Identity in West Malaysia: Continued Mutation or Critical Transition? [The Politics of Ambiguity]" (PDF). Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University. J-Stage. p. 3/21 [33] and 5/21 [35]. UMNO came into being in 1946 under the impetus of the Anti-Malayan Union Movement based on this ideological understanding of ketuanan Melayu. Its founding president, Dato' Onn Jaafar, once said that the UMNO movement did not adhere to any ideology other than Melayuisme, defined by scholar Ariffin Omar as "the belief that the interests of the bangsa Melayu must be upheld over all else". Malay political dominance is a fundamental reality of Malaysian politics, notwithstanding the fact that the governing coalition since independence, the Alliance [subsequently expanded to form the Barisan Nasional or literally, the "National Front"], is multiethnic in its composition.
  5. ^ Jinna Tay; Graeme Turner (24 July 2015). Television Histories in Asia: Issues and Contexts. Routledge. pp. 127–. ISBN 978-1-135-00807-9.
  6. ^ Barisan Nasional
  7. ^ Anuradha Raghu; Niluksi Koswanage (5 May 2013). "Malaysians vote to decide fate of world's longest-ruling coalition". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  8. ^ Keat Gin Ooi (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. pp. 139–. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.
  9. ^ Cheah Boon Kheng (2002). Malaysia: The Making of a Nation. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-981-230-175-8.
  10. ^ Dr Nam-Kook Kim (28 February 2014). Multicultural Challenges and Redefining Identity in East Asia. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 219–. ISBN 978-1-4724-0233-2.
  11. ^ John R. Malott (8 July 2011). "Running Scared in Malaysia". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 8 July 2011. (subscription required)
  12. ^ Stuart Grudgings; Al-Zaquan Amer Hamzah; Niluksi Koswanage; Raju Gopalakrishnan (5 May 2013). "Malaysia coalition extends rule despite worst electoral showing". Reuters. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  13. ^ "A dangerous result". The Economist. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  14. ^ "PBRS will remain with BN for now, says Kurup". Free Malaysia Today. 30 September 2018.
  15. ^ Avila Geraldine; Norasikin Daineh (11 May 2018). "Warisan now has 35 seats, enough to form state government: Shafie [NSTTV]". New Straits Times. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  16. ^ "PBS keluar BN, bentuk Gabungan Bersatu" (in Malay). Berita Harian. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  17. ^ Sharon Ling; Geryl Ogilvy (12 June 2018). "Sarawak BN parties pull out of coalition to form independent state-based pact". The Star. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  18. ^ Lee Poh Onn (15 June 2018). "Commentary: Free from the shackles of a fallen coalition, does Sarawak parties leaving spell the end of the Barisan Nasional?". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  19. ^ "MyPPP leaves BN with immediate effect". New Straits Times. 19 May 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  20. ^ "Gerakan leaves Barisan Nasional". New Straits Times. 23 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  21. ^ Ivan Loh (24 June 2018). "Bagan Serai MP quits Umno, pledges support for Pakatan Harapan". The Star. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  22. ^ "Bukit Gantang MP quits Umno". Free Malaysia Today. 27 June 2018. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  23. ^ "Former Puteri Umno chief quits party, upset with results of polls". The Star. 1 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  24. ^ "Mustapa quits Umno after 40 years - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  25. ^ "Anifah: I quit Umno in the interest of Sabah rights - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  26. ^ "Labuan MP quits Umno to join Warisan - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  27. ^ Vanar, Muguntan; Lee, Stephanie; Joibi, Natasha. "Sabah Umno exodus sees nine of 10 Aduns, five of six MPs leave - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  28. ^ "Six Umno MPs leave the party - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  29. ^ Hamdan, Nurbaiti. "Court nullifies BN's GE14 victory for Cameron Highlands seat (Updated) - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  30. ^ "BN retains Cameron Highlands parliamentary seat". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  31. ^ "PRK Cameron Highlands: Ramli cipta sejarah". bharian.com. 26 January 2019.
  32. ^ "BN tawan semula DUN Semenyih". bharian.com.
  33. ^ "BN kekal kuasai DUN Rantau". bharian.com. 13 April 2019.
  34. ^ "BN tawan semula Tanjung Piai". bharian.com. 16 November 2019.
  35. ^ "What's next for Piagam Muafakat Nasional?". The Malaysian Reserve. 18 September 2019.
  36. ^ "MCA's future in Muafakat Nasional remains unclear". New Straits Times. 30 November 2019.
  37. ^ Reme Ahmad (5 December 2019). "Calls in Umno for Barisan Nasional to 'migrate' to Muafakat Nasional". The Straits Times.
  38. ^ Adib Povera (4 March 202). "Perikatan Nasional coalition to set up joint secretariat". New Straits Times.
  39. ^ "Hasni Mohammad angkat sumpah MB Johor" [Hasni Mohammad take the oath as Johor's MB]. Astro Awani (in Malay). 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  40. ^ "Sulaiman Md Ali angkat sumpah Ketua Menteri Melaka ke-12" [Sulaiman Md Ali take the oath as the 12th Chief Minister of Malacca]. Astro Awani (in Malay). 9 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  41. ^ "From an educationist, to a Menteri Besar | Astro Awani". Archived from the original on 21 January 2021.
  42. ^ "RASMI: Sah! BN tawan semula Melaka | Astro Awani". Archived from the original on 20 November 2021.
  43. ^ a b "'End of an era' for Malaysia's Barisan Nasional, after corruption issues hurt candidates at GE15: Analysts". 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  44. ^ "PRU15: Nama besar antara yang tewas". 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  45. ^ "PRU15: BN kecundang di Tanjong Karang". 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  46. ^ "[Rasmi] Azeez Rahim kalah kepada calon PN di Baling". 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  47. ^ "PN brings BN to its knees in Perlis". 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  48. ^ "GE15: Zahid retains Bagan Datuk with slim majority". 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  49. ^ "Barisan Nasional to support the Dec 19 vote of confidence for Malaysia PM Anwar". Channel News Asia. 27 November 2022.
  50. ^ "Cabinet posts for Barisan Nasional a trust, not the spoils of war, says Malaysian DPM Zahid". The Straits Times. 3 December 2022.
  51. ^ Rachagan, S. Sothi (1993). Law and the Electoral Process in Malaysia, p. 12. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. ISBN 967-9940-45-4.
  52. ^ Ahmad, Zuhrin Azam. "Barisan amends constitution to allow direct membership - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  53. ^ Rachagan, p. 21.
  54. ^ "Organisasi – Barisan Nasional". www.barisannasional.org.my. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  55. ^ Arno Maierbrugger (16 August 2013). "Malaysia gov't bashed for $155m election ad spending". Investvine. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2013.

Literature

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barisan Nasional.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barisan_Nasional&oldid=1257084238"