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Grey seal

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For other uses, see Grey Seal (disambiguation).

Grey seal
Male
Female with pup
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Clade: Pinnipedia
Family: Phocidae
Genus: Halichoerus
Nilsson, 1820
Species:
H. grypus
Binomial name
Halichoerus grypus
(O. Fabricius, 1791)
Grey seal range[1]

The grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) is a large seal of the family Phocidae, which are commonly referred to as "true seals" or "earless seals". The only species classified in the genus Halichoerus, it is found on both shores of the North Atlantic Ocean. In Latin, Halichoerus grypus means "hook-nosed sea pig". Its name is spelled gray seal in the United States; it is also known as Atlantic seal[2] and the horsehead seal.[2][3]

Taxonomy

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There are two recognized subspecies of this seal:[4]

Image Subspecies Distribution
Halichoerus grypus grypus Fabricius, 1791 Baltic Sea
Halichoerus grypus atlantica Nehring, 1886 western North Atlantic stock (eastern Canada and the northeastern United States), the eastern North Atlantic stock (British Isles, Iceland, Norway, Denmark, the Faroe Islands, and Russia)[5]

The type specimen of H. g. grypus (Zoological Museum of Copenhagen specimen ZMUC M11-1525, caught in 1788 off the island of Amager, Danish part of the Baltic Sea) was believed lost for many years but was rediscovered in 2016, and a DNA test showed it belonged to a Baltic Sea specimen rather than from Greenland, as had previously been assumed (because it was first described in Otto Fabricius' book on the animals in Greenland: Fauna Groenlandica). The name H. g. grypus was therefore transferred to the Baltic subspecies (replacing H. g. macrorhynchus), and the name H. g. atlantica resurrected for the Atlantic subspecies.[6]

Molecular studies have indicated that the eastern and western Atlantic populations have been genetically distinct for at least one million years, and could potentially be considered separate subspecies.[7]

Description

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A juvenile grey seal swims in the Farne Islands, UK.

This is a fairly large seal, with bulls in the eastern Atlantic populations reaching 1.95–2.3 m (6 ft 5 in – 7 ft 7 in) long and weighing 170–310 kg (370–680 lb); the cows are much smaller, typically 1.6–1.95 m (5 ft 3 in – 6 ft 5 in) long and 100–190 kg (220–420 lb) in weight.[8] Individuals from the western Atlantic are often much larger, with males averaging up to 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) and reaching a weight of as much as 400 kg (880 lb) and females averaging up to 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in) and sometimes weighing up to 250 kg (550 lb). Record-sized bull grey seals can reach about 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) in length.[9][10] A common average weight in Great Britain was found to be about 233 kg (514 lb) for males and 154.6 kg (341 lb) for females whereas in Nova Scotia, Canada, adult males averaged 294.6 kg (649 lb) and adult females averaged 224.5 kg (495 lb).[8][11][12] It is distinguished from the smaller harbor seal by its straight head profile, nostrils set well apart, and fewer spots on its body.[13][14] Wintering hooded seals can be confused with grey seals as they are about the same size and somewhat share a large-nosed look but the hooded has a paler base colour and usually evidences a stronger spotting.[15] Grey seals lack external ear flaps and characteristically have large snouts.[16] Bull greys have larger noses and a less curved profile than harbor seal bulls. Males are generally darker than females, with lighter patches and often scarring around the neck. Females are silver grey to brown with dark patches.

Ecology and distribution

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Group of grey seals on sands at Stiffkey, Norfolk
A dead grey seal that drowned after being caught in a fishing net in Ystad
Grey seals on the Jökulsárlón glacial lake, Iceland

In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the grey seal breeds in several colonies on and around the coasts. Notably large colonies are at Blakeney Point in Norfolk, Donna Nook in Lincolnshire, the Farne Islands off the Northumberland Coast (about 6,000 animals), Orkney and North Rona.[17] off the north coast of Scotland, Lambay Island off the coast of Dublin in the Irish Sea, the Isle of Man, Ramsey Island (off the coast of Pembrokeshire, Wales). In the German Bight, colonies exist off the islands Sylt, Amrum and on Heligoland.[18]

In the western North Atlantic, the grey seal is typically found in large numbers in the coastal waters of the Maritime Provinces of Canada and south to Nantucket in the United States. In coastal Canada, it is typically seen in areas such as the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec. The largest colony in the world is at Sable Island, Nova Scotia. In the United States, it is found year-round off the coast of New England, in particular Maine and Massachusetts. It has also been observed in the waters around Connecticut, New York and Rhode Island. Archaeological evidence confirms grey seals in southern New England with remains found on Block Island, Martha's Vineyard, and near the mouth of the Quinnipiac River in New Haven, Connecticut.[19] Its natural range now extends much further south than previously thought, with confirmed sightings off of North Carolina. Also, there is a report by Farley Mowat of historic breeding colonies as far south as Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.[3]

An isolated population exists in the Baltic Sea,[1] forming the H. grypus balticus subspecies.

Besides these very large colonies, many much smaller ones exist, some of which are well-known tourist attractions, despite their small size. Such colonies include one on the Carrack rocks, Cornwall.

During the winter months, grey seals can be seen hauled out on rocks, islands, and shoals not far from shore, occasionally coming ashore to rest. In the spring, recently-weaned pups and yearlings occasionally strand on beaches after becoming separated from their group.

Grey seals are vulnerable to typical predators for a pinniped mammal; their primary predator would be the orca or killer whale, but certain large species of sharks are known to prey on grey seals in North American waters, particularly great white sharks and bull sharks but also, upon evidence, additionally Greenland sharks. Some grey seal carcasses have washed ashore with visible “cookie cutter” bite marks, a telltale sign of attack by a Greenland shark (also called the sleeper shark).[20][21] In the waters of Great Britain, grey seals are a fairly common prey species for killer whales.[22][23] Apparently, grey seal pups are sometimes taken from beach colonies by white-tailed eagles, and golden eagles, as well.[1]

Diet

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Grey seal food web in the Baltic Sea[24]
A short video on monitoring and conservation of grey seals at Skomer Island
Captive grey seal being fed, showing snout shape

The grey seal feeds on a wide variety of fish, mostly benthic or demersal species, taken at depths down to 70 m (230 ft) or more. Sand eels (Ammodytes spp) are important in its diet in many localities. Cod and other gadids, flatfish, herring,[25] wrasse[26] and skates[27] are also important locally. However, it is clear that the grey seal will eat whatever is available, including octopus[28] and lobsters.[29] The average daily food requirement is estimated to be 5 kg (11 lb), though the seal does not feed every day and it fasts during the breeding season.

Recent observations and studies from Scotland, The Netherlands, and Germany show that grey seals will also prey and feed on large animals like harbour seals and harbour porpoises.[30][31][32] In 2014, a male grey seal in the North Sea was documented and filmed killing and cannibalising 11 pups of his own species over the course of a week. Similar wounds on the carcasses of pups found elsewhere in the region suggest that cannibalism and infanticide may not be uncommon in grey seals. Male grey seals may engage in such behaviour potentially as a way of increasing reproductive success through access to easy prey without leaving prime territory.[33]

Communication

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While it was originally understood that marine mammals communicate vocally, new research conducted by researchers at Monash University shows that grey seals clap their flippers as another form of communication. They clap their flippers underwater to deter a predator from attacking. If done during the mating season, the clapping can be used as a way to find a potential mate. The Monash researchers point out that seals are typically known for clapping, so this behavior may not be a surprise, but the clapping we know typically occurs in captivity. Clapping seals are associated with aquariums and zoos, but were never observed in the wild for this behavior. They were astonished at how loud these marine mammals were able to clap underwater, but it is logical for the reasons they do this.[34]

Reproduction

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Cow (l) and bull (r) grey seals mating, Donna Nook, Lincolnshire, U.K.

Grey seals are capital breeders; they forage to build up stored blubber, which is utilised when they are breeding and weaning their pups, as they do not forage for food at this time. They give birth to a single pup every year, with females' reproductive years beginning as early as 4 years old and extending up to 30 years of age. All parental care is provided by the female. During breeding, males do not provide parental care but they defend females against other males for mating.[35] The pups are born at around the mass of 14 kg.[36] They are born in autumn (September to December) in the eastern Atlantic and in winter (January to February) in the west, with a dense, soft silky white fur; at first small, they rapidly fatten up on their mothers' extremely fat-rich milk. The milk can consist of up to 60% fat.[36] Grey seal pups are precocial, with mothers returning to the sea to forage once pups are weaned. Pups also undergo a post-weaning fast before leaving the land and learning to swim.[37] Within a month or so they shed the pup fur, grow dense waterproof adult fur, and leave for the sea to learn to fish for themselves. In recent years, the number of grey seals has been on the rise in the west and the U.S.[38] and Canada[39] there have been calls for a seal cull.

Seal pup a few days after birth

Seal pup first-year survival rates are estimated to vary from 80–85%[40][41] to below 50%[42] depending on location and conditions. Starvation, due to difficulties in learning to feed, appears to be the main cause of pup death.[42]

Status

[edit]

After near extirpation from hunting grey seals for oil, meat, and skins in the United States, sightings began to increase in the late 1980s. Bounties were paid on all kinds of seals up until 1945 in Maine and 1962 in Massachusetts.[43] One year after Congress passed the 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act preventing the harming or harassing of seals, a survey of the entire Maine coast found only 30 grey seals.[43] At first grey seal populations increased slowly but then rebounded from islands off Maine to Monomoy Island and Nantucket Island off of southern Cape Cod. The southernmost breeding colony was established on Muskeget Island with five pups born in 1988 and over 2,000 counted in 2008.[44] According to a genetics study, the United States population has formed as a result of recolonisation by Canadian seals.[44] By 2009, thousands of grey seals had taken up residence on or near popular swimming beaches on outer Cape Cod, resulting in sightings of great white sharks drawn close to shore to hunt the seals.[45] A count of 15,756 grey seals in southeastern Massachusetts coastal waters was made in 2011 by the National Marine Fisheries Service.[46] Grey seals are being seen increasingly in New York and New Jersey waters, and it is expected that they will establish colonies further south.

Human noise pollution continues to affect marine-life communication but remains an understudied facet of marine conservation efforts. In more recent years, the potential negative effect of human noise has been highlighted with the discovery of seals using clapping as a form of communication.[34]

In the UK seals are protected under the Conservation of Seals Act 1970; however, it does not apply to Northern Ireland. In the UK there have also been calls for a cull from some fishermen claiming that stocks have declined due to the seals.

The population in the Baltic Sea increased about 8% per year between 1990 and the mid-2000s, with the numbers becoming stagnant since 2005. As of 2011, hunting grey seals is legal in Sweden and Finland, with 50% of the quota being used. Other anthropogenic causes of death include drowning in fishing gear.[47]

Captivity

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Grey seals have proved amenable to life in captivity[citation needed] and are commonly found in zoo animals around their native range, particularly in Europe. Traditionally they were popular circus animals and often used in performances such as balancing and display acts.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Bowen, D. (2016). "Halichoerus grypus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T9660A45226042. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T9660A45226042.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Sokolov, Vladimir (1984). Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Moscow.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ a b Mowat, Farley (1984). Sea of Slaughter (First American ed.). Atlantic Monthly Press Publishing. ISBN 0871130130.
  4. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
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  6. ^ Olsen, Morten Tange; Galatius, Anders; Biard, Vincent; Gregersen, Kristian; Kinze, Carl Christian (April 2016). "The forgotten type specimen of the grey seal [Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius, 1791)] from the island of Amager, Denmark". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 178 (3): 713–720. doi:10.1111/zoj.12426.
  7. ^ Boskovic, R.; et al. (1996). "Geographic distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 74 (10): 1787–1796. doi:10.1139/z96-199.
  8. ^ a b Working Party on Marine Mammals (1978). Mammals in the Seas, Volume 4. Rome: Food & Agriculture Org. p. 257. ISBN 9251005141.
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  31. ^ van Neer, Abbo; Jensen, Lasse F.; Siebert, Ursula (2015). "Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) predation on harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) on the island of Helgoland, Germany". Journal of Sea Research. 97: 1–4. Bibcode:2015JSR....97....1V. doi:10.1016/j.seares.2014.11.006.
  32. ^ Hillmer, Angelika (16 February 2015). "Kegelrobben mit großem Appetit auf Schweinswale" [Grey seals with a great appetite for porpoises]. Hamburger Abendblatt (in German).
  33. ^ Gabbatiss, Josh (15 February 2016). "First video footage of seal drowning and eating a pup". New Scientist.
  34. ^ a b "Grey seals discovered clapping underwater to communicate". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  35. ^ Bubac, Christine M.; Coltman, David W.; Don Bowen, W.; Lidgard, Damian C.; Lang, Shelley L. C.; den Heyer, Cornelia E. (June 2018). "Repeatability and reproductive consequences of boldness in female gray seals". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 72 (6): 100. Bibcode:2018BEcoS..72..100B. doi:10.1007/s00265-018-2515-5. ISSN 0340-5443. S2CID 46975859.
  36. ^ a b "Autumn spectacle: grey seal colonies". BBC Earth. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  37. ^ Bowen, William D.; Heyer, Cornelia E. den; McMillan, Jim I.; Iverson, Sara J. (1 April 2015). "Offspring size at weaning affects survival to recruitment and reproductive performance of primiparous gray seals". Ecology and Evolution. 5 (7): 1412–1424. Bibcode:2015EcoEv...5.1412B. doi:10.1002/ece3.1450. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 4395171. PMID 25897381.
  38. ^ Bidggod, Jess (16 August 2013). "Thriving in Cape Cod's Waters, Gray Seals Draw Fans and Foes". The New York Times.
  39. ^ "Plan to cull 70,000 grey seals gets Senate panel's approval". CBC News. Newfoundland & Labrador. 23 October 2012.
  40. ^ Ailsa j, Hall; Bernie j, Mcconnell; Richard j, Barker (2008). "Factors affecting first-year survival in grey seals and their implications for life history strategy". Journal of Animal Ecology. 70: 138–149. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2001.00468.x.
  41. ^ Baker, J. R. (1984). "Mortality and morbidity in Grey seal pups (Halichoerus grypus). Studies on its causes, effects on the environment, the nature and sources of infectious agents, and the immunological status of pups". Journal of Zoology. 203: 23–48. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1984.tb06042.x.
  42. ^ a b "Homepage". Friends of Horsey Seals. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  43. ^ a b Barbara Lelli; David E. Harris & AbouEl-Makarim Aboueissa (2009). "Seal Bounties in Maine and Massachusetts, 1888 to 1962". Northeastern Naturalist. 16 (2): 239–254. doi:10.1656/045.016.0206. S2CID 85652019.
  44. ^ a b Wood, S.A.; Frasier, T.R.; McLeod, B.A.; Gilbert, J.R.; White, B.N.; Bowen, W.D.; Hammill, M.O.; Waring, G.T.; Brault, S. (2011). "The genetics of recolonization: an analysis of the stock structure of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the northwest Atlantic". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 89 (6): 490–497. doi:10.1139/z11-012.
  45. ^ Daley, Beth (3 October 2009). "Once again, coastal waters getting seals' approval". Boston Globe.
  46. ^ Gray Seal (Halichoerus grypus grypus): Western North Atlantic Stock (PDF) (Report). NMFS, NOAA. April 2014. pp. 342–350. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  47. ^ Bäcklin, Britt-Marie; Moraeus, Charlotta; Kunnasranta, Mervi; Isomursu, Marja (2 September 2011). "Health Assessment in the Baltic grey seal (Halichoerus grypus)". HELCOM Indicator Fact Sheets 2011. HELCOM. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011.
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